# About This Translation — Explainer This companion explains every place where this version departs from its ASV 1901 base, and why. The text pages contain the text only. ## ἀνομία (G0458) a-nomos: without/against Torah. ASV "iniquity" hides the Torah reference in Matt 7:23, 13:41, 23:28, 24:12; 1 John 3:4 defines sin as anomia. Render the root visibly. Renderings used: lawless · without the Torah · Torah ### Matthew 7:23 - **ASV:** And then will I profess unto them, I never knew you: depart from me, ye that work iniquity. - **This version:** And then I will profess to them, I never knew you: depart from me, you who work lawlessness. - **Note:** Greek ἀνομίαν. ASV 'iniquity' hid the root νόμος; rendered 'lawlessness' as in every other occurrence. ### Matthew 13:41 - **ASV:** The Son of man shall send forth his angels, and they shall gather out of his kingdom all things that cause stumbling, and them that do iniquity, - **This version:** The Son of man shall send forth his angels, and they shall gather out of his kingdom all things that cause stumbling, and those who do lawlessness, - **Note:** Root made visible. ### Matthew 23:28 - **ASV:** Even so ye also outwardly appear righteous unto men, but inwardly ye are full of hypocrisy and iniquity. - **This version:** Even so you also outwardly appear righteous to men, but inwardly you are full of hypocrisy and lawlessness. - **Note:** Greek ἀνομίας; ASV 'iniquity'. Rendered 'lawlessness'. ### Matthew 24:12 - **ASV:** And because iniquity shall be multiplied, the love of the many shall wax cold. - **This version:** And because lawlessness shall be multiplied, the love of the many shall grow cold. - **Note:** Root made visible. ### Luke 22:37 - **ASV:** For I say unto you, that this which is written must be fulfilled in me, And he was reckoned with transgressors: for that which concerneth me hath fulfilment. - **This version:** For I say to you, that this which is written must be fulfilled in me, And he was reckoned with the lawless: for that which concerns me has fulfillment. - **Note:** Quotes Isa 53:12. Greek μετὰ ἀνόμων, 'with the lawless'; ASV 'with transgressors'. Rendered so the same root shows as elsewhere. ### Acts 2:23 - **Text:** him, being delivered up by the determined counsel and foreknowledge of God, you by the hand of lawless men crucified and killed: - **Note:** Greek ἀνόμων, 'lawless (ones)'. The ASV's 'lawless men' already shows the root; kept. ### Romans 2:12 - **ASV:** For as many as have sinned without the law shall also perish without the law: and as many as have sinned under the law shall be judged by the law; - **This version:** For as many as have sinned without the Torah shall also perish without the Torah: and as many as have sinned under the Torah shall be judged by the Torah; - **Note:** The adverb ἀνόμως twice, 'without Torah'. ### Romans 4:7 - **ASV:** saying, Blessed are they whose iniquities are forgiven, And whose sins are covered. - **This version:** saying, Blessed are they whose lawless deeds are forgiven, And whose sins are covered. - **Note:** Ps 32:1 quote. ### Romans 6:19 - **ASV:** I speak after the manner of men because of the infirmity of your flesh: for as ye presented your members as servants to uncleanness and to iniquity unto iniquity, even so now present your members as servants to righteousness unto sanctification. - **This version:** I speak in the manner of men because of the weakness of your flesh: for as you presented your members as servants to uncleanness and to lawlessness to lawlessness, even so now present your members as servants to righteousness to sanctification. - **Note:** Root made visible ×2. ### 1 Corinthians 9:21 - **ASV:** to them that are without law, as without law, not being without law to God, but under law to Messiah, that I might gain them that are without law. - **This version:** to those who are without the Torah, as without the Torah, not being without the Torah of God, but within the Torah of Messiah, that I might gain those who are without the Torah. - **Note:** Greek ἄνομος θεοῦ, 'without God's Torah', and ἔννομος Χριστοῦ, 'within the Torah of Messiah'. Rendered 'within' because ἔννομος differs from ὑπὸ νόμον ('under Torah') in 9:20; ASV rendered both 'under law'. ### 2 Corinthians 6:14 - **ASV:** Be not unequally yoked with unbelievers: for what fellowship have righteousness and iniquity? or what communion hath light with darkness? - **This version:** Do not be unequally yoked with unbelievers: for what fellowship have righteousness and lawlessness? or what communion has light with darkness? - **Note:** Root made visible. ### 2 Thessalonians 2:3 - **ASV:** let no man beguile you in any wise: for it will not be, except the falling away come first, and the man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition, - **This version:** let no man deceive you in any way: for it will not be, unless the falling away comes first, and the man of lawlessness is revealed, the son of perdition, - **Note:** SBLGNT and Westcott-Hort read ἀνομίας, 'of lawlessness'; the Textus Receptus reads ἁμαρτίας, 'of sin'. This version follows the SBLGNT, as it does throughout. ### Titus 2:14 - **ASV:** who gave himself for us, that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify unto himself a people for his own possession, zealous of good works. - **This version:** who gave himself for us, that he might redeem us from all lawlessness, and purify to himself a people for his own possession, zealous of good works. - **Note:** Greek ἀπὸ πάσης ἀνομίας, 'from all lawlessness'; ASV 'from all iniquity'. Rendered to show the root. ### Hebrews 1:9 - **ASV:** Thou hast loved righteousness, and hated iniquity; Therefore God, thy God, hath anointed thee With the oil of gladness above thy fellows. - **This version:** You have loved righteousness, and hated lawlessness; Therefore God, your God, has anointed you With the oil of gladness above your fellows. - **Note:** Quotes Ps 45:7. Greek ἀνομίαν; ASV 'iniquity'. Rendered 'lawlessness'. ### Hebrews 10:17 - **ASV:** And their sins and their iniquities will I remember no more. - **This version:** And their sins and their lawless deeds I will remember no more. - **Note:** Quotes Jer 31:34. Greek ἀνομιῶν; rendered 'lawless deeds'. ### 1 John 3:4 - **Text:** Everyone who does sin also does lawlessness; and sin is lawlessness. - **Note:** Greek ἀνομία both times. The ASV already rendered it 'lawlessness'; kept. ## θεός (G2316) Anarthrous theos (no article). Most grammarians read predicate anarthrous theos as qualitative (Colwell 1933; Harner 1973) — John 1:1c, 1:18 (variant), Rom 9:5 (punctuation), Titus 2:13 and 2 Pet 1:1 (Granville Sharp). The rendering must not assert more than the syntax settles; every approved change here needs a note file. This query returns ONLY article-less nominative/genitive nouns so the list stays reviewable; widen morph_filter if needed. Renderings used: God · a god · divine · what God was · the God · what God is ### Matthew 22:30 - **Text:** For in the resurrection they neither marry, nor are given in marriage, but are as angels in heaven. - **Note:** Textual: SBLGNT includes 'of God' (angels of God); ASV follows mss that omit it. No English to govern — left as ASV; footnote the variant. ### John 1:1 - **ASV:** In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. - **This version:** In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and what God was, the Word was. - **Note:** In 1:1b θεόν has the article (πρὸς τὸν θεόν); in 1:1c θεός has none and stands before the verb, a construction that describes what the subject is like. 'What God was, the Word was' (NEB, REB) shows that difference in English. ### John 1:18 - **ASV:** No man hath seen God at any time; the only begotten Son, who is in the bosom of the Father, he hath declared him. - **This version:** No man has seen God at any time; the only begotten, being what God is, who is in the bosom of the Father, he has declared him. - **Note:** Follows the SBLGNT, μονογενὴς θεός (P66, P75, Sinaiticus, Vaticanus). Many other manuscripts (Alexandrinus, the Byzantine text) read ὁ μονογενὴς υἱός, 'the only begotten Son'. θεός has no article here, so it is rendered as in 1:1c. ### Romans 9:5 - **ASV:** whose are the fathers, and of whom is Messiah as concerning the flesh, who is over all, God blessed for ever. Amen. - **This version:** whose are the fathers, and of whom is Messiah as concerning the flesh. God who is over all be blessed forever. Amen. - **Note:** The Greek manuscripts have no punctuation. This version places a full stop after 'flesh', reading the last line as a blessing of God; the ASV margin gives the same reading. ### 1 Corinthians 8:6 - **Text:** yet to us there is one God, the Father, of whom are all things, and we to him; and one Lord, Yeshua Messiah, through whom are all things, and we through him. - **Note:** Greek εἷς θεὸς ὁ πατήρ, 'one God, the Father'. The ASV wording is exact; kept. ### Philippians 2:6 - **Text:** who, existing in the form of God, did not count being on an equality with God a thing to be grasped, - **Note:** Greek ἐν μορφῇ θεοῦ, 'in the form of God'. The ASV wording is exact; kept. ### Titus 2:13 - **Text:** looking for the blessed hope and appearing of the glory of the great God and our Savior Yeshua Messiah; - **Note:** θεοῦ here has the article (τοῦ μεγάλου θεοῦ), so it is not an anarthrous use. ASV wording kept. ## κύριος (G2962) POLICY (Dirk): restore Yehovah only where the NT quotes a Tanakh passage whose Masoretic Hebrew has the Name at that point. Where the Hebrew lacks it (LXX vocatives, paraphrases, MT 'our God'), keep 'Lord' — e.g. Heb 1:10, Rom 10:16, 11:3, 1 Pet 1:25. All other kurios: ASV 'Lord/master/sir'. Renderings used: Lord · Yehovah · lord · master · sir · owners ### Matthew 3:3 - **ASV:** For this is he that was spoken of through Isaiah the prophet, saying, The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Make ye ready the way of the Lord, Make his paths straight. - **This version:** For this is he who was spoken of through Isaiah the prophet, saying, The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Make ready the way of Yehovah, Make his paths straight. - **Note:** Quotes Isa 40:3, where the Hebrew reads דֶּרֶךְ יְהוָה, 'the way of Yehovah'. Rendered Yehovah. ### Matthew 4:7 - **ASV:** Yeshua said unto him, Again it is written, Thou shalt not make trial of the Lord thy God. - **This version:** Yeshua said to him, Again it is written, You shall not make trial of Yehovah your God. - **Note:** Source: Deut 6:16. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Matthew 4:10 - **ASV:** Then saith Yeshua unto him, Get thee hence, Satan: for it is written, Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only shalt thou serve. - **This version:** Then says Yeshua to him, Go away, Satan: for it is written, You shall worship Yehovah your God, and him only shall you serve. - **Note:** Source: Deut 6:13. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Matthew 21:9 - **ASV:** And the multitudes that went before him, and that followed, cried, saying, Hosanna to the son of David: Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord; Hosanna in the highest. - **This version:** And the multitudes that went before him, and that followed, cried, saying, Hosanna to the son of David: Blessed is he who comes in the name of Yehovah; Hosanna in the highest. - **Note:** Source: Ps 118:26. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Matthew 21:42 - **ASV:** Yeshua saith unto them, Did ye never read in the scriptures, The stone which the builders rejected, The same was made the head of the corner; This was from the Lord, And it is marvellous in our eyes? - **This version:** Yeshua says to them, Did you never read in the scriptures, The stone which the builders rejected, The same was made the head of the corner; This was from Yehovah, And it is marvelous in our eyes? - **Note:** Source: Ps 118:23. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Matthew 22:37 - **ASV:** And he said unto him, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. - **This version:** And he said to him, You shall love Yehovah your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind. - **Note:** Source: Deut 6:5. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Matthew 22:44 - **ASV:** The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, Till I put thine enemies underneath thy feet? - **This version:** Yehovah said to my lord, Sit on my right hand, Until I put your enemies underneath your feet? - **Note:** Quotes Ps 110:1, נְאֻם יְהוָה לַאדֹנִי. The first 'Lord' is the Name, rendered Yehovah; the second is אֲדֹנִי, 'my lord', the form used of human superiors, rendered lowercase. The Greek uses κύριος for both. ### Matthew 23:39 - **ASV:** For I say unto you, Ye shall not see me henceforth, till ye shall say, Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord. - **This version:** For I say to you, You shall not see me from now on, until you say, Blessed is he who comes in the name of Yehovah. - **Note:** Source: Ps 118:26. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Matthew 27:10 - **ASV:** and they gave them for the potter’s field, as the Lord appointed me. - **This version:** and they gave them for the potter’s field, as Yehovah directed me. - **Note:** Source: Zech 11:13 / Exod 9:12 formula. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Mark 1:3 - **ASV:** The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Make ye ready the way of the Lord, Make his paths straight; - **This version:** The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Make ready the way of Yehovah, Make his paths straight; - **Note:** Quotes Isa 40:3, where the Hebrew reads דֶּרֶךְ יְהוָה, 'the way of Yehovah'. Rendered Yehovah. ### Mark 11:9 - **ASV:** And they that went before, and they that followed, cried, Hosanna; Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord: - **This version:** And those who went before, and those who followed, cried, Hosanna; Blessed is he who comes in the name of Yehovah: - **Note:** Source: Ps 118:26. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Mark 12:11 - **ASV:** This was from the Lord, And it is marvellous in our eyes? - **This version:** This was from Yehovah, And it is marvelous in our eyes? - **Note:** Source: Ps 118:23. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Mark 12:29 - **ASV:** Yeshua answered, The first is, Hear, O Israel; The Lord our God, the Lord is one: - **This version:** Yeshua answered, The first is, Hear, O Israel; Yehovah our God, Yehovah is one: - **Note:** Quotes Deut 6:4, where the Hebrew has the Name twice. Rendered Yehovah; Deut 6:4 uses the same wording in this version. ### Mark 12:30 - **ASV:** and thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength. - **This version:** and you shall love Yehovah your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind, and with all your strength. - **Note:** Source: Deut 6:5. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Mark 12:36 - **ASV:** David himself said in the Holy Spirit, The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, Till I make thine enemies the footstool of thy feet. - **This version:** David himself said in the Holy Spirit, Yehovah said to my lord, Sit on my right hand, Till I make your enemies the footstool of your feet. - **Note:** Source: Ps 110:1. See Matt 22:44. ### Luke 3:4 - **ASV:** as it is written in the book of the words of Isaiah the prophet, The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Make ye ready the way of the Lord, Make his paths straight. - **This version:** as it is written in the book of the words of Isaiah the prophet, The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Make ready the way of Yehovah, Make his paths straight. - **Note:** Quotes Isa 40:3, where the Hebrew reads דֶּרֶךְ יְהוָה, 'the way of Yehovah'. Rendered Yehovah. ### Luke 4:8 - **ASV:** And Yeshua answered and said unto him, It is written, Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only shalt thou serve. - **This version:** And Yeshua answered and said to him, It is written, You shall worship Yehovah your God, and him only shall you serve. - **Note:** Source: Deut 6:13. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Luke 4:12 - **ASV:** And Yeshua answering said unto him, It is said, Thou shalt not make trial of the Lord thy God. - **This version:** And Yeshua answering said to him, It is said, You shall not make trial of Yehovah your God. - **Note:** Source: Deut 6:16. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Luke 4:18 - **ASV:** The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, Because he anointed me to preach good tidings to the poor: He hath sent me to proclaim release to the captives, And recovering of sight to the blind, To set at liberty them that are bruised, - **This version:** The Spirit of Yehovah is upon me, Because he anointed me to preach good tidings to the poor: He has sent me to proclaim release to the captives, And recovering of sight to the blind, To set at liberty those who are bruised, - **Note:** Source: Isa 61:1 ruach Adonai YHWH. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Luke 4:19 - **ASV:** To proclaim the acceptable year of the Lord. - **This version:** To proclaim the acceptable year of Yehovah. - **Note:** Source: Isa 61:2. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Luke 10:27 - **ASV:** And he answering said, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy strength, and with all thy mind; and thy neighbor as thyself. - **This version:** And he answering said, You shall love Yehovah your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your strength, and with all your mind; and your neighbor as yourself. - **Note:** Source: Deut 6:5. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Luke 13:35 - **ASV:** Behold, your house is left unto you desolate: and I say unto you, Ye shall not see me, until ye shall say, Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord. - **This version:** Behold, your house is left to you desolate: and I say to you, You shall not see me, until you shall say, Blessed is he who comes in the name of Yehovah. - **Note:** Source: Ps 118:26. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Luke 19:38 - **ASV:** saying, Blessed is the King that cometh in the name of the Lord: peace in heaven, and glory in the highest. - **This version:** saying, Blessed is the King who comes in the name of Yehovah: peace in heaven, and glory in the highest. - **Note:** Source: Ps 118:26. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Luke 20:37 - **ASV:** But that the dead are raised, even Moses showed, in the place concerning the Bush, when he calleth the Lord the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. - **This version:** But that the dead are raised, even Moses showed, in the place concerning the Bush, when he calls Yehovah the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. - **Note:** Source: Exod 3:6, 3:15. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Luke 20:42 - **ASV:** For David himself saith in the book of Psalms, The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, - **This version:** For David himself says in the book of Psalms, Yehovah said to my lord, Sit on my right hand, - **Note:** Source: Ps 110:1. See Matt 22:44. ### John 1:23 - **ASV:** He said, I am the voice of one crying in the wilderness, Make straight the way of the Lord, as said Isaiah the prophet. - **This version:** He said, I am the voice of one crying in the wilderness, Make straight the way of Yehovah, as Isaiah the prophet said. - **Note:** Quotes Isa 40:3, where the Hebrew reads דֶּרֶךְ יְהוָה, 'the way of Yehovah'. Rendered Yehovah. ### John 12:13 - **ASV:** took the branches of the palm trees, and went forth to meet him, and cried out, Hosanna: Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord, even the King of Israel. - **This version:** took the branches of the palm trees, and went out to meet him, and cried out, Hosanna: Blessed is he who comes in the name of Yehovah, even the King of Israel. - **Note:** Source: Ps 118:26. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### John 12:38 - **ASV:** that the word of Isaiah the prophet might be fulfilled, which he spake, Lord, who hath believed our report? And to whom hath the arm of the Lord been revealed? - **This version:** that the word of Isaiah the prophet might be fulfilled, which he spoke, Lord, who has believed our report? And to whom has the arm of Yehovah been revealed? - **Note:** Quotes Isa 53:1. The opening 'Lord,' is in the Septuagint but not the Hebrew, so it is kept; 'the arm of Yehovah' follows the Hebrew. ### Acts 2:20 - **ASV:** The sun shall be turned into darkness, And the moon into blood, Before the day of the Lord come, That great and notable day: - **This version:** The sun shall be turned into darkness, And the moon into blood, Before the day of Yehovah comes, That great and notable day: - **Note:** Source: Joel 2:31. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Acts 2:21 - **ASV:** And it shall be, that whosoever shall call on the name of the Lord shall be saved. - **This version:** And it shall be, that whoever shall call on the name of Yehovah shall be saved. - **Note:** Source: Joel 2:32. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Acts 2:25 - **ASV:** For David saith concerning him, I beheld the Lord always before my face; For he is on my right hand, that I should not be moved: - **This version:** For David says concerning him, I saw Yehovah always before my face; For he is on my right hand, that I should not be moved: - **Note:** Source: Ps 16:8. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Acts 2:34 - **ASV:** For David ascended not into the heavens: but he saith himself, The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, - **This version:** For David did not ascend into the heavens: but he says himself, Yehovah said to my lord, Sit on my right hand, - **Note:** Source: Ps 110:1. See Matt 22:44. ### Acts 3:22 - **ASV:** Moses indeed said, A prophet shall the Lord God raise up unto you from among your brethren, like unto me; to him shall ye hearken in all things whatsoever he shall speak unto you. - **This version:** Moses indeed said, A prophet shall Yehovah God raise up to you from among your brothers, like me; to him shall you listen in all things whatever he shall speak to you. - **Note:** Source: Deut 18:15. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Acts 4:26 - **ASV:** The kings of the earth set themselves in array, And the rulers were gathered together, Against the Lord, and against his Anointed: - **This version:** The kings of the earth set themselves in array, And the rulers were gathered together, Against Yehovah, and against his Anointed: - **Note:** Quotes Ps 2:2, where the Hebrew has the Name. Rendered Yehovah. ### Acts 7:49 - **ASV:** The heaven is my throne, And the earth the footstool of my feet: What manner of house will ye build me? saith the Lord: Or what is the place of my rest? - **This version:** The heaven is my throne, And the earth the footstool of my feet: What manner of house will you build me? says Yehovah: Or what is the place of my rest? - **Note:** Source: Isa 66:1. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Acts 13:44 - **Text:** And the next sabbath almost the whole city was gathered together to hear the word of God. - **Note:** Textual: ASV reads 'word of God' (variant). ASV wording kept; nothing to govern. ### Acts 13:48 - **Text:** And as the Gentiles heard this, they were glad, and glorified the word of God: and as many as were ordained to eternal life believed. - **Note:** Textual: ASV reads 'word of God' (variant). ASV wording kept; nothing to govern. ### Acts 15:17 - **Text:** That the rest of mankind may seek after the Lord, And all the Gentiles, upon whom my name is called, - **Note:** Source: Amos 9:12 (LXX). 'seek after the Lord' is LXX; MT reads 'possess the remnant of Edom' — no Name. Kept 'Lord'. ### Acts 15:18 - **ASV:** Saith the Lord, who maketh these things known from of old. - **This version:** Says Yehovah, who makes these things known from of old. - **Note:** Quotes Amos 9:12, where the Hebrew has נְאֻם יְהוָה. Rendered Yehovah. The SBLGNT numbers this phrase 15:17; the ASV 15:18. ### Romans 4:8 - **ASV:** Blessed is the man to whom the Lord will not reckon sin. - **This version:** Blessed is the man to whom Yehovah will not reckon sin. - **Note:** Source: Ps 32:2. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Romans 9:28 - **ASV:** for the Lord will execute his word upon the earth, finishing it and cutting it short. - **This version:** for Yehovah will execute his word upon the earth, finishing it and cutting it short. - **Note:** Source: Isa 10:23 Adonai YHWH tsevaot. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Romans 9:29 - **ASV:** And, as Isaiah hath said before, Except the Lord of Sabaoth had left us a seed, We had become as Sodom, and had been made like unto Gomorrah. - **This version:** And, as Isaiah has said before, Unless Yehovah of hosts had left us a seed, We would have become as Sodom, and would have been made like Gomorrah. - **Note:** Source: Isa 1:9 YHWH tsevaot. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Romans 10:13 - **ASV:** for, Whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved. - **This version:** for, Whoever shall call upon the name of Yehovah shall be saved. - **Note:** Quotes Joel 2:32, where the Hebrew reads 'the name of Yehovah'. Rendered Yehovah. ### Romans 10:16 - **Text:** But they did not all hearken to the glad tidings. For Isaiah says, Lord, who has believed our report? - **Note:** Source: Isa 53:1 (LXX vocative). Vocative 'Lord' is LXX, not in MT — kept. ### Romans 11:3 - **Text:** Lord, they have killed your prophets, they have dug down your altars; and I am left alone, and they seek my life. - **Note:** Source: 1 Kgs 19:10 (vocative added). Vocative not in MT — kept 'Lord'. ### Romans 11:34 - **ASV:** For who hath known the mind of the Lord? or who hath been his counsellor? - **This version:** For who has known the mind of Yehovah? or who has been his counselor? - **Note:** Source: Isa 40:13 ruach YHWH. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Romans 12:19 - **ASV:** Avenge not yourselves, beloved, but give place unto the wrath of God: for it is written, Vengeance belongeth unto me; I will recompense, saith the Lord. - **This version:** Do not avenge yourselves, beloved, but give place to the wrath of God: for it is written, Vengeance belongs to me; I will repay, says Yehovah. - **Note:** Quotes Deut 32:35, spoken by Yehovah. Rendered Yehovah. ### Romans 14:11 - **ASV:** For it is written, As I live, saith the Lord, to me every knee shall bow, And every tongue shall confess to God. - **This version:** For it is written, As I live, says Yehovah, to me every knee shall bow, And every tongue shall confess to God. - **Note:** Quotes Isa 49:18 and 45:23; the Hebrew has the Name. Rendered Yehovah. ### Romans 15:11 - **ASV:** And again, Praise the Lord, all ye Gentiles; And let all the peoples praise him. - **This version:** And again, Praise Yehovah, all you Gentiles; And let all the peoples praise him. - **Note:** Source: Ps 117:1. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Romans 16:24 - **Text:** - **Note:** Textual: verse absent from critical text. ASV wording kept; nothing to govern. ### 1 Corinthians 1:31 - **Text:** that, just as it is written, He who glories, let him glory in the Lord. - **Note:** Source: Jer 9:24 paraphrase. Paul's summary of Jer 9:23-24; in context (1:30) may point to Messiah. Kept 'Lord'; note Jer's YHWH. ### 1 Corinthians 2:16 - **ASV:** For who hath known the mind of the Lord, that he should instruct him? But we have the mind of Messiah. - **This version:** For who has known the mind of Yehovah, that he should instruct him? But we have the mind of Messiah. - **Note:** Quotes Isa 40:13, where the Hebrew has the Name (רוּחַ יְהוָה). Rendered Yehovah. ### 1 Corinthians 3:20 - **ASV:** and again, The Lord knoweth the reasonings of the wise, that they are vain. - **This version:** and again, Yehovah knows the reasonings of the wise, that they are vain. - **Note:** Source: Ps 94:11. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### 1 Corinthians 10:26 - **ASV:** for the earth is the Lord’s, and the fulness thereof. - **This version:** for the earth is Yehovah’s, and its fullness. - **Note:** Source: Ps 24:1. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### 1 Corinthians 14:21 - **ASV:** In the Torah it is written, By men of strange tongues and by the lips of strangers will I speak unto this people; and not even thus will they hear me, saith the Lord. - **This version:** In the Torah it is written, By men of strange tongues and by the lips of strangers I will speak to this people; and not even thus will they hear me, says Yehovah. - **Note:** Quotes Isa 28:11-12. 'Says Yehovah' follows the Isaiah passage, which is the word of Yehovah (28:13). ### 2 Corinthians 6:17 - **ASV:** Wherefore Come ye out from among them, and be ye separate, saith the Lord, And touch no unclean thing; And I will receive you, - **This version:** Therefore Come out from among them, and be separate, says Yehovah, And touch no unclean thing; And I will receive you, - **Note:** Source: Isa 52:11 + Ezek 20:34. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### 2 Corinthians 6:18 - **ASV:** And will be to you a Father, And ye shall be to me sons and daughters, saith the Lord Almighty. - **This version:** And will be to you a Father, And you shall be to me sons and daughters, says Yehovah Almighty. - **Note:** Source: 2 Sam 7:8 YHWH tsevaot (LXX pantokratōr). Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### 2 Corinthians 10:17 - **Text:** But he who glories, let him glory in the Lord. - **Note:** Source: Jer 9:24 paraphrase. See 1 Cor 1:31. ### 2 Timothy 2:19 - **ASV:** Howbeit the firm foundation of God standeth, having this seal, The Lord knoweth them that are his: and, Let every one that nameth the name of the Lord depart from unrighteousness. - **This version:** However, the firm foundation of God stands, having this seal, Yehovah knows those who are his: and, Let everyone who names the name of the Lord depart from unrighteousness. - **Note:** Quotes Num 16:5, where the Hebrew has the Name; rendered Yehovah. The second 'name of the Lord' is not a quotation and is kept. ### Hebrews 1:10 - **Text:** And, You, Lord, in the beginning laid the foundation of the earth, And the heavens are the works of your hands: - **Note:** Source: Ps 102:25 (LXX vocative). Dirk: keep 'Lord' — the Name is not written here. The vocative kyrie is LXX; MT 102:25 has no YHWH at this point (the psalm addresses Yehovah at 102:12). Hebrews applies the passage to the Son. ### Hebrews 7:21 - **ASV:** (for they indeed have been made priests without an oath; but he with an oath by him that saith of him, The Lord sware and will not repent himself, Thou art a priest for ever); - **This version:** (for they indeed have been made priests without an oath; but he with an oath by him who says of him, Yehovah swore and will not repent himself, You are a priest forever); - **Note:** Source: Ps 110:4. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Hebrews 8:8 - **ASV:** For finding fault with them, he saith, Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, That I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah; - **This version:** For finding fault with them, he says, Behold, the days come, says Yehovah, That I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah; - **Note:** Source: Jer 31:31. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Hebrews 8:9 - **ASV:** Not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers In the day that I took them by the hand to lead them forth out of the land of Egypt; For they continued not in my covenant, And I regarded them not, saith the Lord. - **This version:** Not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers In the day that I took them by the hand to lead them forth out of the land of Egypt; For they did not continue in my covenant, And I did not regard them, says Yehovah. - **Note:** Source: Jer 31:32. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Hebrews 8:10 - **ASV:** For this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel After those days, saith the Lord; I will put my laws into their mind, And on their heart also will I write them: And I will be to them a God, And they shall be to me a people: - **This version:** For this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel After those days, says Yehovah; I will put my laws into their mind, And on their heart also I will write them: And I will be to them a God, And they shall be to me a people: - **Note:** Source: Jer 31:33. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Hebrews 8:11 - **ASV:** And they shall not teach every man his fellow-citizen, And every man his brother, saying, Know the Lord: For all shall know me, From the least to the greatest of them. - **This version:** And they shall not teach every man his fellow-citizen, And every man his brother, saying, Know Yehovah: For all shall know me, From the least to the greatest of them. - **Note:** Source: Jer 31:34. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Hebrews 10:16 - **ASV:** This is the covenant that I will make with them After those days, saith the Lord: I will put my laws on their heart, And upon their mind also will I write them; then saith he, - **This version:** This is the covenant that I will make with them After those days, says Yehovah: I will put my laws on their heart, And on their mind also I will write them; then he says, - **Note:** Source: Jer 31:33. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Hebrews 10:30 - **ASV:** For we know him that said, Vengeance belongeth unto me, I will recompense. And again, The Lord shall judge his people. - **This version:** For we know him who said, Vengeance belongs to me, I will recompense. And again, Yehovah shall judge his people. - **Note:** Source: Deut 32:36. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Hebrews 12:5 - **ASV:** and ye have forgotten the exhortation which reasoneth with you as with sons, My son, regard not lightly the chastening of the Lord, Nor faint when thou art reproved of him; - **This version:** and you have forgotten the exhortation which reasons with you as with sons, My son, do not regard lightly the chastening of Yehovah, Nor faint when you are reproved by him; - **Note:** Source: Prov 3:11. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Hebrews 12:6 - **ASV:** For whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth, And scourgeth every son whom he receiveth. - **This version:** For whom Yehovah loves he chastens, And scourges every son whom he receives. - **Note:** Source: Prov 3:12. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### Hebrews 13:6 - **ASV:** So that with good courage we say, The Lord is my helper; I will not fear: What shall man do unto me? - **This version:** So that with good courage we say, Yehovah is my helper; I will not fear: What shall man do to me? - **Note:** Source: Ps 118:6. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### James 5:4 - **ASV:** Behold, the hire of the laborers who mowed your fields, which is of you kept back by fraud, crieth out: and the cries of them that reaped have entered into the ears of the Lord of Sabaoth. - **This version:** Behold, the wages of the laborers who mowed your fields, which you kept back by fraud, cries out: and the cries of those who reaped have entered into the ears of Yehovah of hosts. - **Note:** Source: YHWH tsevaot title. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### 1 Peter 1:25 - **Text:** But the word of the Lord abides forever. And this is the word of good news which was preached to you. - **Note:** Source: Isa 40:8. MT reads 'word of our God' (no Name) — kept 'Lord'. ### 1 Peter 2:3 - **ASV:** if ye have tasted that the Lord is gracious: - **This version:** if you have tasted that Yehovah is gracious: - **Note:** Quotes Ps 34:8, where the Hebrew has the Name. Rendered Yehovah. ### 1 Peter 3:12 - **ASV:** For the eyes of the Lord are upon the righteous, And his ears unto their supplication: But the face of the Lord is upon them that do evil. - **This version:** For the eyes of Yehovah are upon the righteous, And his ears to their supplication: But the face of Yehovah is upon those who do evil. - **Note:** Source: Ps 34:15-16. Hebrew has the Name — rendered Yehovah. ### 1 Peter 3:15 - **Text:** but sanctify in your hearts Messiah as Lord: being ready always to give an answer to every man who asks you a reason concerning the hope that is in you, yet with meekness and fear: - **Note:** Greek κύριον δὲ τὸν Χριστὸν ἁγιάσατε, 'sanctify Messiah as Lord'. The Greek names Messiah here, so 'Lord' is kept. ## νόμος (G3551) nomos in the NT usually denotes the Torah (Matt 5:17; Rom 7:12) but sometimes a principle (Rom 7:21-23, 8:2) or civil law (Acts 18:15). The English "law" flattens all of these and lets readers hear "legalism." Render per occurrence; expect ~190 hits, the largest file. Renderings used: Torah · law · principle ### Matthew 5:17 - **ASV:** Think not that I came to destroy the law or the prophets: I came not to destroy, but to fulfil. - **This version:** Do not think that I came to destroy the Torah or the prophets: I did not come to destroy, but to fulfill. - **Note:** Greek τὸν νόμον ἢ τοὺς προφήτας, 'the Torah or the prophets', the name for the Scriptures. Rendered Torah. ### Matthew 5:18 - **ASV:** For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass away, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass away from the law, till all things be accomplished. - **This version:** For truly I say to you, Until heaven and earth pass away, one jot or one tittle shall by no means pass away from the Torah, until all things are accomplished. - **Note:** Greek ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου, 'from the Torah'. Rendered Torah. ### Matthew 7:12 - **ASV:** All things therefore whatsoever ye would that men should do unto you, even so do ye also unto them: for this is the law and the prophets. - **This version:** All things therefore whatever you would want men to do to you, even so do also to them: for this is the Torah and the prophets. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Matthew 11:13 - **ASV:** For all the prophets and the law prophesied until John. - **This version:** For all the prophets and the Torah prophesied until John. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Matthew 12:5 - **ASV:** Or have ye not read in the law, that on the sabbath day the priests in the temple profane the sabbath, and are guiltless? - **This version:** Or have you not read in the Torah, that on the sabbath day the priests in the temple profane the sabbath, and are guiltless? - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Matthew 22:36 - **ASV:** Teacher, which is the great commandment in the law? - **This version:** Teacher, which is the great commandment in the Torah? - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Matthew 22:40 - **ASV:** On these two commandments the whole law hangeth, and the prophets. - **This version:** On these two commandments the whole Torah hangs, and the prophets. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Matthew 23:23 - **ASV:** Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye tithe mint and anise and cummin, and have left undone the weightier matters of the law, justice, and mercy, and faith: but these ye ought to have done, and not to have left the other undone. - **This version:** Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for you tithe mint and anise and cummin, and have left undone the weightier matters of the Torah, justice, and mercy, and faith: but these you ought to have done, and not to have left the other undone. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Luke 2:22 - **ASV:** And when the days of their purification according to the law of Moses were fulfilled, they brought him up to Jerusalem, to present him to the Lord - **This version:** And when the days of their purification according to the Torah of Moses were fulfilled, they brought him up to Jerusalem, to present him to the Lord - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Luke 2:23 - **ASV:** (as it is written in the law of the Lord, Every male that openeth the womb shall be called holy to the Lord), - **This version:** (as it is written in the Torah of the Lord, Every male that opens the womb shall be called holy to the Lord), - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Luke 2:24 - **ASV:** and to offer a sacrifice according to that which is said in the law of the Lord, A pair of turtledoves, or two young pigeons. - **This version:** and to offer a sacrifice according to that which is said in the Torah of the Lord, A pair of turtledoves, or two young pigeons. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Luke 2:27 - **ASV:** And he came in the Spirit into the temple: and when the parents brought in the child Yeshua, that they might do concerning him after the custom of the law, - **This version:** And he came in the Spirit into the temple: and when the parents brought in the child Yeshua, that they might do concerning him after the custom of the Torah, - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Luke 2:39 - **ASV:** And when they had accomplished all things that were according to the law of the Lord, they returned into Galilee, to their own city Nazareth. - **This version:** And when they had accomplished all things that were according to the Torah of the Lord, they returned into Galilee, to their own city Nazareth. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Luke 10:26 - **ASV:** And he said unto him, What is written in the law? how readest thou? - **This version:** And he said to him, What is written in the Torah? how do you read? - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Luke 16:16 - **ASV:** The law and the prophets were until John: from that time the gospel of the kingdom of God is preached, and every man entereth violently into it. - **This version:** The Torah and the prophets were until John: from that time the gospel of the kingdom of God is preached, and everyone enters violently into it. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Luke 16:17 - **ASV:** But it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away, than for one tittle of the law to fall. - **This version:** But it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away, than for one tittle of the Torah to fall. - **Note:** νόμος here is the Mosaic law; rendered Torah. ### Luke 24:44 - **ASV:** And he said unto them, These are my words which I spake unto you, while I was yet with you, that all things must needs be fulfilled, which are written in the law of Moses, and the prophets, and the psalms, concerning me. - **This version:** And he said to them, These are my words which I spoke to you, while I was still with you, that all things must be fulfilled, which are written in the Torah of Moses, and the prophets, and the psalms, concerning me. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### John 1:17 - **ASV:** For the law was given through Moses; grace and truth came through Yeshua Messiah. - **This version:** For the Torah was given through Moses; grace and truth came through Yeshua Messiah. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### John 1:45 - **ASV:** Philip findeth Nathanael, and saith unto him, We have found him, of whom Moses in the law, and the prophets, wrote, Yeshua of Nazareth, the son of Joseph. - **This version:** Philip finds Nathanael, and says to him, We have found him, of whom Moses in the Torah, and the prophets, wrote, Yeshua of Nazareth, the son of Joseph. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### John 7:19 - **ASV:** Did not Moses give you the law, and yet none of you doeth the law? Why seek ye to kill me? - **This version:** Did not Moses give you the Torah, and yet none of you does the Torah? Why do you seek to kill me? - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### John 7:23 - **ASV:** If a man receiveth circumcision on the sabbath, that the law of Moses may not be broken; are ye wroth with me, because I made a man every whit whole on the sabbath? - **This version:** If a man receives circumcision on the sabbath, that the Torah of Moses may not be broken; are you angry with me, because I made a man entirely whole on the sabbath? - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### John 7:49 - **ASV:** But this multitude that knoweth not the law are accursed. - **This version:** But this multitude that does not know the Torah is accursed. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### John 7:51 - **ASV:** Doth our law judge a man, except it first hear from himself and know what he doeth? - **This version:** Does our Torah judge a man, unless it first hears from him and knows what he does? - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### John 8:17 - **ASV:** Yea and in your law it is written, that the witness of two men is true. - **This version:** And indeed in your Torah it is written, that the witness of two men is true. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### John 10:34 - **ASV:** Yeshua answered them, Is it not written in your law, I said, Ye are gods? - **This version:** Yeshua answered them, Is it not written in your Torah, I said, You are gods? - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### John 12:34 - **ASV:** The multitude therefore answered him, We have heard out of the law that the Messiah abideth for ever: and how sayest thou, The Son of man must be lifted up? who is this Son of man? - **This version:** The multitude therefore answered him, We have heard out of the Torah that the Messiah abides forever: and how do you say, The Son of man must be lifted up? who is this Son of man? - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### John 15:25 - **ASV:** But this cometh to pass, that the word may be fulfilled that is written in their law, They hated me without a cause. - **This version:** But this comes to pass, that the word may be fulfilled that is written in their Torah, They hated me without a cause. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### John 18:31 - **ASV:** Pilate therefore said unto them, Take him yourselves, and judge him according to your law. The Jews said unto him, It is not lawful for us to put any man to death: - **This version:** Pilate therefore said to them, Take him yourselves, and judge him according to your Torah. The Jews said to him, It is not lawful for us to put any man to death: - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### John 19:7 - **ASV:** The Jews answered him, We have a law, and by that law he ought to die, because he made himself the Son of God. - **This version:** The Jews answered him, We have a law, and by the Torah he ought to die, because he made himself the Son of God. - **Note:** The first νόμον has no article ('a law') and is kept; the second has the article and is rendered 'the Torah'. ### Acts 6:13 - **ASV:** and set up false witnesses, who said, This man ceaseth not to speak words against this holy place, and the law: - **This version:** and set up false witnesses, who said, This man does not cease to speak words against this holy place, and the Torah: - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Acts 7:53 - **ASV:** ye who received the law as it was ordained by angels, and kept it not. - **This version:** you who received the Torah as it was ordained by angels, and did not keep it. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Acts 13:15 - **ASV:** And after the reading of the law and the prophets the rulers of the synagogue sent unto them, saying, Brethren, if ye have any word of exhortation for the people, say on. - **This version:** And after the reading of the Torah and the prophets the rulers of the synagogue sent to them, saying, Brothers, if you have any word of exhortation for the people, speak. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Acts 13:39 - **ASV:** and by him every one that believeth is justified from all things, from which ye could not be justified by the law of Moses. - **This version:** and by him everyone believing is justified from all things, from which you could not be justified by the Torah of Moses. - **Note:** SBLGNT puts this phrase in 13:38; ASV numbers it 13:39. Remapped. ### Acts 15:5 - **ASV:** But there rose up certain of the sect of the Pharisees who believed, saying, It is needful to circumcise them, and to charge them to keep the law of Moses. - **This version:** But some of the sect of the Pharisees who believed rose up, saying, It is necessary to circumcise them, and to command them to keep the Torah of Moses. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Acts 18:13 - **ASV:** saying, This man persuadeth men to worship God contrary to the law. - **This version:** saying, This man persuades men to worship God contrary to the Torah. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Acts 18:15 - **ASV:** but if they are questions about words and names and your own law, look to it yourselves; I am not minded to be a judge of these matters. - **This version:** but if they are questions about words and names and your own Torah, see to it yourselves; I do not wish to be a judge of these matters. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Acts 21:20 - **ASV:** And they, when they heard it, glorified God; and they said unto him, Thou seest, brother, how many thousands there are among the Jews of them that have believed; and they are all zealous for the law: - **This version:** And they, when they heard it, glorified God; and they said to him, You see, brother, how many thousands there are among the Jews of those who have believed; and they are all zealous for the Torah: - **Note:** νόμος here is the Mosaic law; rendered Torah. ### Acts 21:24 - **ASV:** these take, and purify thyself with them, and be at charges for them, that they may shave their heads: and all shall know that there is no truth in the things whereof they have been informed concerning thee; but that thou thyself also walkest orderly, keeping the law. - **This version:** take these, and purify yourself with them, and pay their expenses, that they may shave their heads: and all shall know that there is no truth in the things of which they have been informed concerning you; but that you yourself also walk orderly, keeping the Torah. - **Note:** Greek φυλάσσων τὸν νόμον, 'keeping the Torah'. νόμος here is the Mosaic law, rendered Torah. ### Acts 21:28 - **ASV:** crying out, Men of Israel, help: This is the man that teacheth all men everywhere against the people, and the law, and this place; and moreover he brought Greeks also into the temple, and hath defiled this holy place. - **This version:** crying out, Men of Israel, help: This is the man who teaches all men everywhere against the people, and the Torah, and this place; and moreover he brought Greeks also into the temple, and has defiled this holy place. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Acts 22:3 - **ASV:** I am a Jew, born in Tarsus of Cilicia, but brought up in this city, at the feet of Gamaliel, instructed according to the strict manner of the law of our fathers, being zealous for God, even as ye all are this day: - **This version:** I am a Jew, born in Tarsus of Cilicia, but brought up in this city, at the feet of Gamaliel, instructed according to the strict manner of the Torah of our fathers, being zealous for God, even as you all are this day: - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Acts 22:12 - **ASV:** And one Ananias, a devout man according to the law, well reported of by all the Jews that dwelt there, - **This version:** And one Ananias, a devout man according to the Torah, well spoken of by all the Jews who lived there, - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Acts 23:3 - **ASV:** Then said Paul unto him, God shall smite thee, thou whited wall: and sittest thou to judge me according to the law, and commandest me to be smitten contrary to the law? - **This version:** Then Paul said to him, God shall strike you, you whitewashed wall: and do you sit to judge me according to the Torah, and command me to be struck contrary to the Torah? - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Acts 23:29 - **ASV:** whom I found to be accused about questions of their law, but to have nothing laid to his charge worthy of death or of bonds. - **This version:** whom I found to be accused about questions of their Torah, but to have nothing laid to his charge worthy of death or of bonds. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Acts 24:14 - **ASV:** But this I confess unto thee, that after the Way which they call a sect, so serve I the God of our fathers, believing all things which are according to the law, and which are written in the prophets; - **This version:** But this I confess to you, that according to the Way which they call a sect, so I serve the God of our fathers, believing all things which are according to the Torah, and which are written in the prophets; - **Note:** νόμος here is the Mosaic law; rendered Torah. ### Acts 25:8 - **ASV:** while Paul said in his defence, Neither against the law of the Jews, nor against the temple, nor against Cæsar, have I sinned at all. - **This version:** while Paul said in his defense, Neither against the Torah of the Jews, nor against the temple, nor against Cæsar, have I sinned at all. - **Note:** νόμος here is the Mosaic law; rendered Torah. ### Acts 28:23 - **ASV:** And when they had appointed him a day, they came to him into his lodging in great number; to whom he expounded the matter, testifying the kingdom of God, and persuading them concerning Yeshua, both from the law of Moses and from the prophets, from morning till evening. - **This version:** And when they had appointed him a day, they came to him at his lodging in great numbers; to whom he explained the matter, testifying the kingdom of God, and persuading them concerning Yeshua, both from the Torah of Moses and from the prophets, from morning until evening. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 2:12 - **ASV:** For as many as have sinned without the Torah shall also perish without the Torah: and as many as have sinned under the law shall be judged by the law; - **This version:** For as many as have sinned without the Torah shall also perish without the Torah: and as many as have sinned under the Torah shall be judged by the Torah; - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 2:13 - **ASV:** for not the hearers of the law are just before God, but the doers of the law shall be justified; - **This version:** for not the hearers of the Torah are just before God, but the doers of the Torah shall be justified; - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 2:14 - **ASV:** (for when Gentiles that have not the law do by nature the things of the law, these, not having the law, are the law unto themselves; - **This version:** (for when Gentiles who do not have the Torah do by nature the things of the Torah, these, not having the Torah, are a law to themselves; - **Note:** The last νόμος is the idiom 'a law to themselves'; kept 'law'. ### Romans 2:15 - **ASV:** in that they show the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience bearing witness therewith, and their thoughts one with another accusing or else excusing them); - **This version:** in that they show the work of the Torah written in their hearts, their conscience bearing witness with it, and their thoughts one with another accusing or else excusing them); - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 2:17 - **ASV:** But if thou bearest the name of a Jew, and restest upon the law, and gloriest in God, - **This version:** But if you bear the name of a Jew, and rest upon the Torah, and glory in God, - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 2:18 - **ASV:** and knowest his will, and approvest the things that are excellent, being instructed out of the law, - **This version:** and know his will, and approve the things that are excellent, being instructed out of the Torah, - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 2:20 - **ASV:** a corrector of the foolish, a teacher of babes, having in the law the form of knowledge and of the truth; - **This version:** a corrector of the foolish, a teacher of babes, having in the Torah the form of knowledge and of the truth; - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 2:23 - **ASV:** thou who gloriest in the law, through thy transgression of the law dishonorest thou God? - **This version:** you who glory in the Torah, through your transgression of the Torah do you dishonor God? - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 2:25 - **ASV:** For circumcision indeed profiteth, if thou be a doer of the law: but if thou be a transgressor of the law, thy circumcision is become uncircumcision. - **This version:** For circumcision indeed profits, if you are a doer of the Torah: but if you are a transgressor of the Torah, your circumcision has become uncircumcision. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 2:26 - **ASV:** If therefore the uncircumcision keep the ordinances of the law, shall not his uncircumcision be reckoned for circumcision? - **This version:** If therefore the uncircumcision keeps the ordinances of the Torah, shall not his uncircumcision be reckoned for circumcision? - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 2:27 - **ASV:** and shall not the uncircumcision which is by nature, if it fulfil the law, judge thee, who with the letter and circumcision art a transgressor of the law? - **This version:** and shall not the uncircumcision which is by nature, if it fulfills the Torah, judge you, who with the letter and circumcision are a transgressor of the Torah? - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 3:19 - **ASV:** Now we know that what things soever the law saith, it speaketh to them that are under the law; that every mouth may be stopped, and all the world may be brought under the judgment of God: - **This version:** Now we know that whatever things the Torah says, it speaks to those who are under the Torah; that every mouth may be stopped, and all the world may be brought under the judgment of God: - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 3:20 - **ASV:** because by the works of the law shall no flesh be justified in his sight; for through the law cometh the knowledge of sin. - **This version:** because by the works of the Torah shall no flesh be justified in his sight; for through the Torah comes the knowledge of sin. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 3:21 - **ASV:** But now apart from the law a righteousness of God hath been manifested, being witnessed by the law and the prophets; - **This version:** But now apart from the Torah a righteousness of God has been manifested, being witnessed by the Torah and the prophets; - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 3:28 - **ASV:** We reckon therefore that a man is justified by faith apart from the works of the law. - **This version:** We reckon therefore that a man is justified by faith apart from the works of the Torah. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 3:31 - **ASV:** Do we then make the law of none effect through faith? God forbid: nay, we establish the law. - **This version:** Do we then make the Torah of none effect through faith? God forbid: no, we establish the Torah. - **Note:** Greek νόμον ἱστάνομεν, 'we establish the Torah'. Rendered Torah. ### Romans 4:13 - **ASV:** For not through the law was the promise to Abraham or to his seed that he should be heir of the world, but through the righteousness of faith. - **This version:** For not through the Torah was the promise to Abraham or to his seed that he should be heir of the world, but through the righteousness of faith. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 4:14 - **ASV:** For if they that are of the law are heirs, faith is made void, and the promise is made of none effect: - **This version:** For if those who are of the Torah are heirs, faith is made void, and the promise is nullified: - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 4:15 - **ASV:** for the law worketh wrath; but where there is no law, neither is there transgression. - **This version:** for the Torah works wrath; but where there is no law, neither is there transgression. - **Note:** 'Where there is no law' is a general statement; kept 'law'. ### Romans 4:16 - **ASV:** For this cause it is of faith, that it may be according to grace; to the end that the promise may be sure to all the seed; not to that only which is of the law, but to that also which is of the faith of Abraham, who is the father of us all - **This version:** For this reason it is of faith, that it may be according to grace; so that the promise may be sure to all the seed; not to that only which is of the Torah, but to that also which is of the faith of Abraham, who is the father of us all - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 5:13 - **ASV:** for until the law sin was in the world; but sin is not imputed when there is no law. - **This version:** for until the Torah sin was in the world; but sin is not imputed when there is no law. - **Note:** ἄχρι νόμου, 'until the Torah', refers to the giving of the Torah; rendered Torah. 'No law' is general; kept. ### Romans 5:20 - **ASV:** And the law came in besides, that the trespass might abound; but where sin abounded, grace did abound more exceedingly: - **This version:** And the Torah came in besides, that the trespass might abound; but where sin abounded, grace abounded much more: - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 6:14 - **ASV:** For sin shall not have dominion over you: for ye are not under law, but under grace. - **This version:** For sin shall not have dominion over you: for you are not under Torah, but under grace. - **Note:** hypo nomon rendered 'under Torah' (no article, as Greek). What 'under Torah' means — under its condemnation, or under its jurisdiction as a regime — is debated; cf. Gal 4:4 Yeshua 'born under Torah', 1 Cor 9:20-21. ### Romans 6:15 - **ASV:** What then? shall we sin, because we are not under law, but under grace? God forbid. - **This version:** What then? shall we sin, because we are not under Torah, but under grace? God forbid. - **Note:** hypo nomon rendered 'under Torah' (no article, as Greek). What 'under Torah' means — under its condemnation, or under its jurisdiction as a regime — is debated; cf. Gal 4:4 Yeshua 'born under Torah', 1 Cor 9:20-21. ### Romans 7:1 - **ASV:** Or are ye ignorant, brethren (for I speak to men who know the law), that the law hath dominion over a man for so long time as he liveth? - **This version:** Or do you not know, brothers (for I speak to men who know the Torah), that the Torah has dominion over a man for as long as he lives? - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 7:2 - **ASV:** For the woman that hath a husband is bound by law to the husband while he liveth; but if the husband die, she is discharged from the law of the husband. - **This version:** For the woman who has a husband is bound by the Torah to the husband while he lives; but if the husband die, she is discharged from the law concerning the husband. - **Note:** Second is 'the law of the husband' = the statute concerning him. ### Romans 7:3 - **ASV:** So then if, while the husband liveth, she be joined to another man, she shall be called an adulteress: but if the husband die, she is free from the law, so that she is no adulteress, though she be joined to another man. - **This version:** So then if, while the husband lives, she is joined to another man, she shall be called an adulteress: but if the husband dies, she is free from the Torah, so that she is no adulteress, though she is joined to another man. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 7:4 - **ASV:** Wherefore, my brethren, ye also were made dead to the law through the body of Messiah; that ye should be joined to another, even to him who was raised from the dead, that we might bring forth fruit unto God. - **This version:** Therefore, my brothers, you also were made dead to the Torah through the body of Messiah; that you should be joined to another, even to him who was raised from the dead, that we might bring forth fruit to God. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 7:5 - **ASV:** For when we were in the flesh, the sinful passions, which were through the law, wrought in our members to bring forth fruit unto death. - **This version:** For when we were in the flesh, the sinful passions, which were through the Torah, worked in our members to bring forth fruit to death. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 7:6 - **ASV:** But now we have been discharged from the law, having died to that wherein we were held; so that we serve in newness of the spirit, and not in oldness of the letter. - **This version:** But now we have been discharged from the Torah, having died to that in which we were held; so that we serve in newness of the spirit, and not in oldness of the letter. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 7:7 - **ASV:** What shall we say then? Is the law sin? God forbid. Howbeit, I had not known sin, except through the law: for I had not known coveting, except the law had said, Thou shalt not covet: - **This version:** What shall we say then? Is the Torah sin? God forbid. However, I would not have known sin, except through the Torah: for I would not have known coveting, unless the Torah had said, You shall not covet: - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 7:8 - **ASV:** but sin, finding occasion, wrought in me through the commandment all manner of coveting: for apart from the law sin is dead. - **This version:** but sin, finding occasion, worked in me through the commandment all kinds of coveting: for apart from the Torah sin is dead. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 7:9 - **ASV:** And I was alive apart from the law once: but when the commandment came, sin revived, and I died; - **This version:** And I was alive apart from the Torah once: but when the commandment came, sin revived, and I died; - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 7:12 - **ASV:** So that the law is holy, and the commandment holy, and righteous, and good. - **This version:** So that the Torah is holy, and the commandment holy, and righteous, and good. - **Note:** Greek ὁ μὲν νόμος ἅγιος, 'the Torah is holy'. Rendered Torah. ### Romans 7:14 - **ASV:** For we know that the law is spiritual: but I am carnal, sold under sin. - **This version:** For we know that the Torah is spiritual: but I am carnal, sold under sin. - **Note:** νόμος here is the Mosaic law; rendered Torah. ### Romans 7:16 - **ASV:** But if what I would not, that I do, I consent unto the law that it is good. - **This version:** But if what I do not want, that I do, I consent to the Torah that it is good. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 7:21 - **ASV:** I find then the law, that, to me who would do good, evil is present. - **This version:** I find then this principle, that, to me who wants to do good, evil is present. - **Note:** Here νόμος names an observed rule ('I find this principle'), not the Mosaic law, so it is rendered 'principle'. ### Romans 7:22 - **ASV:** For I delight in the law of God after the inward man: - **This version:** For I delight in the Torah of God according to the inward man: - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 7:25 - **ASV:** I thank God through Yeshua Messiah our Lord. So then I of myself with the mind, indeed, serve the law of God; but with the flesh the law of sin. - **This version:** I thank God through Yeshua Messiah our Lord. So then I of myself with the mind, indeed, serve the Torah of God; but with the flesh the law of sin. - **Note:** τῷ νόμῳ θεοῦ, 'the Torah of God', is rendered Torah; 'the law of sin' is kept 'law'. ### Romans 8:3 - **ASV:** For what the law could not do, in that it was weak through the flesh, God, sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh and for sin, condemned sin in the flesh: - **This version:** For what the Torah could not do, in that it was weak through the flesh, God, sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh and for sin, condemned sin in the flesh: - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 8:4 - **ASV:** that the ordinance of the law might be fulfilled in us, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit. - **This version:** that the ordinance of the Torah might be fulfilled in us, who do not walk according to the flesh, but according to the Spirit. - **Note:** νόμος here is the Mosaic law; rendered Torah. ### Romans 8:7 - **ASV:** because the mind of the flesh is enmity against God; for it is not subject to the law of God, neither indeed can it be: - **This version:** because the mind of the flesh is enmity against God; for it is not subject to the Torah of God, neither indeed can it be: - **Note:** Greek τῷ νόμῳ τοῦ θεοῦ, 'the Torah of God'; rendered Torah. ### Romans 9:31 - **ASV:** but Israel, following after a law of righteousness, did not arrive at that law. - **This version:** but Israel, following after the Torah of righteousness, did not arrive at that Torah. - **Note:** νόμον has no article here, but the phrase is the Torah of righteousness that Israel pursued (cf. 10:5); rendered Torah. ### Romans 10:4 - **ASV:** For Messiah is the end of the law unto righteousness to every one that believeth. - **This version:** For Messiah is the goal of the Torah to righteousness to everyone believing. - **Note:** τέλος means both 'end' and 'goal' (BDAG). Rendered 'goal' because 9:30-32 describes Israel pursuing (διώκων) the Torah and not arriving (οὐκ ἔφθασεν), the language of a race. ### Romans 10:5 - **ASV:** For Moses writeth that the man that doeth the righteousness which is of the law shall live thereby. - **This version:** For Moses writes that the man who does the righteousness which is of the Torah shall live by it. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 13:8 - **ASV:** Owe no man anything, save to love one another: for he that loveth his neighbor hath fulfilled the law. - **This version:** Owe no man anything, except to love one another: for he who loves his neighbor has fulfilled the Torah. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Romans 13:10 - **ASV:** Love worketh no ill to his neighbor: love therefore is the fulfilment of the law. - **This version:** Love works no ill to his neighbor: love therefore is the fulfillment of the Torah. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### 1 Corinthians 9:8 - **ASV:** Do I speak these things after the manner of men? or saith not the law also the same? - **This version:** Do I speak these things according to the manner of men? or does not the Torah also say the same? - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### 1 Corinthians 9:9 - **ASV:** For it is written in the law of Moses, Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out the corn. Is it for the oxen that God careth, - **This version:** For it is written in the Torah of Moses, You shall not muzzle the ox when he treads out the grain. Is it for the oxen that God cares, - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### 1 Corinthians 9:20 - **ASV:** And to the Jews I became as a Jew, that I might gain Jews; to them that are under the law, as under the law, not being myself under the law, that I might gain them that are under the law; - **This version:** And to the Jews I became as a Jew, that I might gain Jews; to those who are under Torah, as under Torah, not being myself under Torah, that I might gain those who are under Torah; - **Note:** hypo nomon rendered 'under Torah' (no article, as Greek). What it means — under its condemnation, or under it as a regime — is debated; cf. Gal 4:4 Yeshua 'born under Torah', 1 Cor 9:20-21. ### 1 Corinthians 14:21 - **ASV:** In the law it is written, By men of strange tongues and by the lips of strangers will I speak unto this people; and not even thus will they hear me, saith the Lord. - **This version:** In the Torah it is written, By men of strange tongues and by the lips of strangers I will speak to this people; and not even thus will they hear me, says Yehovah. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### 1 Corinthians 14:34 - **ASV:** let the women keep silence in the assemblies: for it is not permitted unto them to speak; but let them be in subjection, as also saith the law. - **This version:** let the women keep silence in the assemblies: for it is not permitted to them to speak; but let them be in subjection, as also says the Torah. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### 1 Corinthians 15:56 - **ASV:** The sting of death is sin; and the power of sin is the law: - **This version:** The sting of death is sin; and the power of sin is the Torah: - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Galatians 2:16 - **ASV:** yet knowing that a man is not justified by the works of the law but through faith in Yeshua Messiah, even we believed on Messiah Yeshua, that we might be justified by faith in Messiah, and not by the works of the law: because by the works of the law shall no flesh be justified. - **This version:** yet knowing that a man is not justified by the works of the Torah but through faith in Yeshua Messiah, even we believed in Messiah Yeshua, that we might be justified by faith in Messiah, and not by the works of the Torah: because by the works of the Torah no flesh shall be justified. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Galatians 2:19 - **ASV:** For I through the law died unto the law, that I might live unto God. - **This version:** For I through the Torah died to the Torah, that I might live to God. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Galatians 2:21 - **ASV:** I do not make void the grace of God: for if righteousness is through the law, then Messiah died for nought. - **This version:** I do not make void the grace of God: for if righteousness is through the Torah, then Messiah died for nothing. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Galatians 3:2 - **ASV:** This only would I learn from you, Received ye the Spirit by the works of the law, or by the hearing of faith? - **This version:** This only I would learn from you, Did you receive the Spirit by the works of the Torah, or by the hearing of faith? - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Galatians 3:5 - **ASV:** He therefore that supplieth to you the Spirit, and worketh miracles among you, doeth he it by the works of the law, or by the hearing of faith? - **This version:** He therefore who supplies the Spirit to you, and works miracles among you, does he do it by the works of the Torah, or by the hearing of faith? - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Galatians 3:10 - **ASV:** For as many as are of the works of the law are under a curse: for it is written, Cursed is every one who continueth not in all things that are written in the book of the law, to do them. - **This version:** For as many as are of the works of the Torah are under a curse: for it is written, Cursed is everyone who does not continue in all things that are written in the book of the Torah, to do them. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Galatians 3:11 - **ASV:** Now that no man is justified by the law before God, is evident: for, The righteous shall live by faith; - **This version:** Now that no man is justified by the Torah before God, is evident: for, The righteous shall live by faith; - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Galatians 3:12 - **ASV:** and the law is not of faith; but, He that doeth them shall live in them. - **This version:** and the Torah is not of faith; but, He who does them shall live in them. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Galatians 3:13 - **ASV:** Messiah redeemed us from the curse of the law, having become a curse for us; for it is written, Cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree: - **This version:** Messiah redeemed us from the curse of the Torah, having become a curse for us; for it is written, Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree: - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Galatians 3:17 - **ASV:** Now this I say: A covenant confirmed beforehand by God, the law, which came four hundred and thirty years after, doth not disannul, so as to make the promise of none effect. - **This version:** Now this I say: A covenant confirmed beforehand by God, the Torah, which came four hundred and thirty years after, does not annul, so as to make the promise of no effect. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Galatians 3:18 - **ASV:** For if the inheritance is of the law, it is no more of promise: but God hath granted it to Abraham by promise. - **This version:** For if the inheritance is of the Torah, it is no longer of promise: but God has granted it to Abraham by promise. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Galatians 3:19 - **ASV:** What then is the law? It was added because of transgressions, till the seed should come to whom the promise hath been made; and it was ordained through angels by the hand of a mediator. - **This version:** What then is the Torah? It was added because of transgressions, until the seed should come to whom the promise has been made; and it was ordained through angels by the hand of a mediator. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Galatians 3:21 - **ASV:** Is the law then against the promises of God? God forbid: for if there had been a law given which could make alive, verily righteousness would have been of the law. - **This version:** Is the Torah then against the promises of God? God forbid: for if there had been a law given which could make alive, truly righteousness would have been of the Torah. - **Note:** The second νόμος has no article ('a law') and is general; kept 'law'. ### Galatians 3:23 - **ASV:** But before faith came, we were kept in ward under the law, shut up unto the faith which should afterwards be revealed. - **This version:** But before faith came, we were kept in custody under Torah, shut up to the faith which should afterwards be revealed. - **Note:** hypo nomon rendered 'under Torah' (no article, as Greek). What it means — under its condemnation, or under it as a regime — is debated; cf. Gal 4:4 Yeshua 'born under Torah', 1 Cor 9:20-21. ### Galatians 3:24 - **ASV:** So that the law is become our tutor to bring us unto Messiah, that we might be justified by faith. - **This version:** So that the Torah has become our guardian to bring us to Messiah, that we might be justified by faith. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Galatians 4:4 - **ASV:** but when the fulness of the time came, God sent forth his Son, born of a woman, born under the law, - **This version:** but when the fullness of the time came, God sent forth his Son, born of a woman, born under Torah, - **Note:** hypo nomon rendered 'under Torah' (no article, as Greek). What it means — under its condemnation, or under it as a regime — is debated; cf. Gal 4:4 Yeshua 'born under Torah', 1 Cor 9:20-21. ### Galatians 4:5 - **ASV:** that he might redeem them that were under the law, that we might receive the adoption of sons. - **This version:** that he might redeem those who were under Torah, that we might receive the adoption of sons. - **Note:** hypo nomon rendered 'under Torah' (no article, as Greek). What it means — under its condemnation, or under it as a regime — is debated; cf. Gal 4:4 Yeshua 'born under Torah', 1 Cor 9:20-21. ### Galatians 4:21 - **ASV:** Tell me, ye that desire to be under the law, do ye not hear the law? - **This version:** Tell me, you who desire to be under Torah, do you not hear the Torah? - **Note:** hypo nomon rendered 'under Torah' (no article, as Greek). What it means — under its condemnation, or under it as a regime — is debated; cf. Gal 4:4 Yeshua 'born under Torah', 1 Cor 9:20-21. ### Galatians 5:3 - **ASV:** Yea, I testify again to every man that receiveth circumcision, that he is a debtor to do the whole law. - **This version:** Yes, I testify again to every man who receives circumcision, that he is a debtor to do the whole Torah. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Galatians 5:4 - **ASV:** Ye are severed from Messiah, ye who would be justified by the law; ye are fallen away from grace. - **This version:** You are severed from Messiah, you who would be justified by the Torah; you have fallen away from grace. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Galatians 5:14 - **ASV:** For the whole law is fulfilled in one word, even in this: Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. - **This version:** For the whole Torah is fulfilled in one word, even in this: You shall love your neighbor as yourself. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Galatians 5:18 - **ASV:** But if ye are led by the Spirit, ye are not under the law. - **This version:** But if you are led by the Spirit, you are not under Torah. - **Note:** hypo nomon rendered 'under Torah' (no article, as Greek). What it means — under its condemnation, or under it as a regime — is debated; cf. Gal 4:4 Yeshua 'born under Torah', 1 Cor 9:20-21. ### Galatians 6:2 - **ASV:** Bear ye one another’s burdens, and so fulfil the law of Messiah. - **This version:** Bear one another’s burdens, and so fulfill the Torah of Messiah. - **Note:** Greek τὸν νόμον τοῦ Χριστοῦ; rendered 'the Torah of Messiah', as in 1 Cor 9:21. ### Galatians 6:13 - **ASV:** For not even they who receive circumcision do themselves keep the law; but they desire to have you circumcised, that they may glory in your flesh. - **This version:** For not even those who receive circumcision themselves keep the Torah; but they desire to have you circumcised, that they may boast in your flesh. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Ephesians 2:15 - **ASV:** having abolished in his flesh the enmity, even the law of commandments contained in ordinances; that he might create in himself of the two one new man, so making peace; - **This version:** having made of none effect in his flesh the enmity — the Torah of commandments contained in decrees — that he might create in himself of the two one new man, so making peace; - **Note:** The dash shows that 'the Torah of commandments contained in decrees' stands beside 'the enmity' in the Greek (both accusative). καταργήσας is rendered 'made of none effect', the same rendering as καταργοῦμεν in Rom 3:31. The SBLGNT punctuates 'the enmity' with 2:14. ### Philippians 3:5 - **ASV:** circumcised the eighth day, of the stock of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of Hebrews; as touching the law, a Pharisee; - **This version:** circumcised the eighth day, of the stock of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of Hebrews; as to the Torah, a Pharisee; - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Philippians 3:6 - **ASV:** as touching zeal, persecuting the assembly; as touching the righteousness which is in the law, found blameless. - **This version:** as to zeal, persecuting the assembly; as to the righteousness which is in the Torah, found blameless. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Philippians 3:9 - **ASV:** and be found in him, not having a righteousness of mine own, even that which is of the law, but that which is through faith in Messiah, the righteousness which is from God by faith: - **This version:** and be found in him, not having a righteousness of my own, even that which is of the Torah, but that which is through faith in Messiah, the righteousness which is from God by faith: - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### 1 Timothy 1:8 - **ASV:** But we know that the law is good, if a man use it lawfully, - **This version:** But we know that the Torah is good, if a man uses it lawfully, - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Hebrews 7:5 - **ASV:** And they indeed of the sons of Levi that receive the priest’s office have commandment to take tithes of the people according to the law, that is, of their brethren, though these have come out of the loins of Abraham: - **This version:** And those indeed of the sons of Levi who receive the priest’s office have commandment to take tithes of the people according to the Torah, that is, of their brothers, though these have come out of the loins of Abraham: - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Hebrews 7:12 - **ASV:** For the priesthood being changed, there is made of necessity a change also of the law. - **This version:** For the priesthood being changed, there is made of necessity a change also of the Torah. - **Note:** Greek νόμου μετάθεσις, 'a change of Torah'. The surrounding verses speak of the priesthood (7:5, 7:11, 7:16). Rendered Torah. ### Hebrews 7:19 - **ASV:** (for the law made nothing perfect), and a bringing in thereupon of a better hope, through which we draw nigh unto God. - **This version:** (for the Torah made nothing perfect), and a bringing in of a better hope, through which we draw near to God. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Hebrews 7:28 - **ASV:** For the law appointeth men high priests, having infirmity; but the word of the oath, which was after the law, appointeth a Son, perfected for evermore. - **This version:** For the Torah appoints men high priests, having infirmity; but the word of the oath, which was after the Torah, appoints a Son, perfected forevermore. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Hebrews 8:4 - **ASV:** Now if he were on earth, he would not be a priest at all, seeing there are those who offer the gifts according to the law; - **This version:** Now if he were on earth, he would not be a priest at all, seeing there are those who offer the gifts according to the Torah; - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Hebrews 8:10 - **Text:** For this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel After those days, says Yehovah; I will put my laws into their mind, And on their heart also I will write them: And I will be to them a God, And they shall be to me a people: - **Note:** Quotes Jer 31:33. The Greek (from the Septuagint) has the plural νόμους, 'laws'; the Hebrew reads תּוֹרָתִי, 'my Torah'. The Greek wording is kept. ### Hebrews 9:19 - **ASV:** For when every commandment had been spoken by Moses unto all the people according to the law, he took the blood of the calves and the goats, with water and scarlet wool and hyssop, and sprinkled both the book itself and all the people, - **This version:** For when every commandment had been spoken by Moses to all the people according to the Torah, he took the blood of the calves and the goats, with water and scarlet wool and hyssop, and sprinkled both the book itself and all the people, - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Hebrews 9:22 - **ASV:** And according to the law, I may almost say, all things are cleansed with blood, and apart from shedding of blood there is no remission. - **This version:** And according to the Torah, I may almost say, all things are cleansed with blood, and apart from shedding of blood there is no remission. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Hebrews 10:1 - **ASV:** For the law having a shadow of the good things to come, not the very image of the things, can never with the same sacrifices year by year, which they offer continually, make perfect them that draw nigh. - **This version:** For the Torah having a shadow of the good things to come, not the very image of the things, can never with the same sacrifices year by year, which they offer continually, make perfect those who draw near. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Hebrews 10:8 - **ASV:** Saying above, Sacrifices and offerings and whole burnt offerings and sacrifices for sin thou wouldest not, neither hadst pleasure therein (the which are offered according to the law), - **This version:** Saying above, Sacrifices and offerings and whole burnt offerings and sacrifices for sin you did not desire, nor had pleasure in them (which are offered according to the Torah), - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### Hebrews 10:16 - **Text:** This is the covenant that I will make with them After those days, says Yehovah: I will put my laws on their heart, And on their mind also I will write them; then he says, - **Note:** Quotes Jer 31:33, as in 8:10. Greek plural νόμους; Hebrew תּוֹרָתִי, 'my Torah'. The Greek wording is kept. ### Hebrews 10:28 - **ASV:** A man that hath set at nought Moses’ law dieth without compassion on the word of two or three witnesses: - **This version:** A man who has set aside the Torah of Moses dies without compassion on the word of two or three witnesses: - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### James 1:25 - **ASV:** But he that looketh into the perfect law, the law of liberty, and so continueth, being not a hearer that forgetteth but a doer that worketh, this man shall be blessed in his doing. - **This version:** But he who looks into the perfect Torah, the Torah of liberty, and so continues, being not a hearer who forgets but a doer who works, this man shall be blessed in his doing. - **Note:** Greek νόμον τέλειον τὸν τῆς ἐλευθερίας; rendered 'the perfect Torah, the Torah of liberty'. ### James 2:8 - **ASV:** Howbeit if ye fulfil the royal law, according to the scripture, Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself, ye do well: - **This version:** However if you fulfill the royal Torah, according to the scripture, You shall love your neighbor as yourself, you do well: - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### James 2:9 - **ASV:** but if ye have respect of persons, ye commit sin, being convicted by the law as transgressors. - **This version:** but if you have respect of persons, you commit sin, being convicted by the Torah as transgressors. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### James 2:10 - **ASV:** For whosoever shall keep the whole law, and yet stumble in one point, he is become guilty of all. - **This version:** For whoever shall keep the whole Torah, and yet stumble in one point, he has become guilty of all. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### James 2:11 - **ASV:** For he that said, Do not commit adultery, said also, Do not kill. Now if thou dost not commit adultery, but killest, thou art become a transgressor of the law. - **This version:** For he who said, Do not commit adultery, said also, Do not kill. Now if you do not commit adultery, but kill, you have become a transgressor of the Torah. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ### James 2:12 - **ASV:** So speak ye, and so do, as men that are to be judged by a law of liberty. - **This version:** So speak, and so do, as men who are to be judged by the Torah of liberty. - **Note:** Greek νόμου ἐλευθερίας, the same phrase as 1:25; rendered Torah. ### James 4:11 - **ASV:** Speak not one against another, brethren. He that speaketh against a brother, or judgeth his brother, speaketh against the law, and judgeth the law: but if thou judgest the law, thou art not a doer of the law, but a judge. - **This version:** Do not speak against one another, brothers. He who speaks against a brother, or judges his brother, speaks against the Torah, and judges the Torah: but if you judge the Torah, you are not a doer of the Torah, but a judge. - **Note:** Mosaic Torah. ## προσκυνέω (G4352) Physical act of prostration. English "worship" imports a deity-object the Greek does not carry (LXX 3 Kgdms 1:23 Nathan before David; Matt 18:26 servant before master; Rev 3:9). Reserve "worshiped" for occurrences whose object is Yehovah / the Father. Renderings used: bowed down before · bowed down to · bow down before · bow down to · bowing down before · bowed before · bow before · boweth down to · pay homage · paid homage · worship · bowed down ### Matthew 2:2 - **ASV:** Where is he that is born King of the Jews? for we saw his star in the east, and are come to worship him. - **This version:** Where is he who has been born King of the Jews? for we saw his star in the east, and have come to bow down before him. - **Note:** The magi seek the one 'born King of the Jews'. Rendered 'bow down before him'. ### Matthew 2:8 - **ASV:** And he sent them to Bethlehem, and said, Go and search out exactly concerning the young child; and when ye have found him, bring me word, that I also may come and worship him. - **This version:** And he sent them to Bethlehem, and said, Go and search out exactly concerning the young child; and when you have found him, bring me word, that I also may come and bow down before him. - **Note:** Herod's words. Rendered 'bow down before him'. ### Matthew 2:11 - **ASV:** And they came into the house and saw the young child with Mary his mother; and they fell down and worshipped him; and opening their treasures they offered unto him gifts, gold and frankincense and myrrh. - **This version:** And they came into the house and saw the young child with Mary his mother; and they fell down and bowed before him; and opening their treasures they offered to him gifts, gold and frankincense and myrrh. - **Note:** The magi before the child, with gifts. Rendered 'bowed before him'. ### Matthew 4:9 - **ASV:** and he said unto him, All these things will I give thee, if thou wilt fall down and worship me. - **This version:** and he said to him, All these things I will give you, if you will fall down and bow before me. - **Note:** The devil asks for this before himself. Rendered 'bow before'. In 4:10 the same verb has God as its object and is rendered 'worship'. ### Matthew 8:2 - **ASV:** And behold, there came to him a leper and worshipped him, saying, Lord, if thou wilt, thou canst make me clean. - **This version:** And behold, there came to him a leper and bowed down before him, saying, Lord, if you will, you can make me clean. - **Note:** Supplicant's prostration. ### Matthew 9:18 - **ASV:** While he spake these things unto them, behold, there came a ruler, and worshipped him, saying, My daughter is even now dead: but come and lay thy hand upon her, and she shall live. - **This version:** While he spoke these things to them, behold, there came a ruler, and bowed down before him, saying, My daughter is even now dead: but come and lay your hand on her, and she shall live. - **Note:** Supplicant's prostration. ### Matthew 14:33 - **ASV:** And they that were in the boat worshipped him, saying, Of a truth thou art the Son of God. - **This version:** And those who were in the boat bowed down before him, saying, Of a truth you are the Son of God. - **Note:** Greek προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ. Rendered 'bowed down before him', as toward Yeshua elsewhere. ### Matthew 15:25 - **ASV:** But she came and worshipped him, saying, Lord, help me. - **This version:** But she came and bowed down before him, saying, Lord, help me. - **Note:** The object is Yeshua. Rendered 'bowed down before him'. ### Matthew 18:26 - **ASV:** The servant therefore fell down and worshipped him, saying, Lord, have patience with me, and I will pay thee all. - **This version:** The servant therefore fell down and bowed before him, saying, Lord, have patience with me, and I will pay you all. - **Note:** The same verb is used of a servant before his master. Rendered 'bowed before him'. ### Matthew 20:20 - **ASV:** Then came to him the mother of the sons of Zebedee with her sons, worshipping him, and asking a certain thing of him. - **This version:** Then the mother of the sons of Zebedee came to him with her sons, bowing down before him, and asking a certain thing of him. - **Note:** The object is Yeshua. Rendered 'bowing down before him'. ### Matthew 28:9 - **ASV:** And behold, Yeshua met them, saying, All hail. And they came and took hold of his feet, and worshipped him. - **This version:** And behold, Yeshua met them, saying, All hail. And they came and took hold of his feet, and bowed down before him. - **Note:** The object is Yeshua. Rendered 'bowed down before him'. ### Matthew 28:17 - **ASV:** And when they saw him, they worshipped him; but some doubted. - **This version:** And when they saw him, they bowed down before him; but some doubted. - **Note:** The object is Yeshua; some manuscripts lack 'him'. Rendered 'bowed down before him'. ### Mark 5:6 - **ASV:** And when he saw Yeshua from afar, he ran and worshipped him; - **This version:** And when he saw Yeshua from afar, he ran and bowed down before him; - **Note:** The object is Yeshua. Rendered 'bowed down before him'. ### Mark 15:19 - **ASV:** And they smote his head with a reed, and spat upon him, and bowing their knees worshipped him. - **This version:** And they struck his head with a reed, and spat upon him, and bowing their knees paid homage to him. - **Note:** Soldiers mocking the 'King of the Jews'. Rendered 'paid homage to him'. ### Luke 4:7 - **ASV:** If thou therefore wilt worship before me, it shall all be thine. - **This version:** If you therefore will bow down before me, it shall all be yours. - **Note:** The devil asks for this before himself. Rendered 'bow down before'. ### Luke 24:52 - **ASV:** And they worshipped him, and returned to Jerusalem with great joy: - **This version:** And they bowed down before him, and returned to Jerusalem with great joy: - **Note:** The words 'they bowed down before him' are absent from Codex Bezae and some Old Latin manuscripts and are bracketed in the SBLGNT. They are printed here. ### John 4:22 - **Text:** You worship that which you do not know: we worship that which we know; for salvation is from the Jews. - **Note:** The object is the Father (4:21, 4:23). Rendered 'worship', as προσκυνέω is rendered when its object is God. ### John 9:38 - **ASV:** And he said, Lord, I believe. And he worshipped him. - **This version:** And he said, Lord, I believe. And he bowed down before him. - **Note:** The object is Yeshua. Rendered 'bowed down before him'. ### Acts 7:43 - **ASV:** And ye took up the tabernacle of Moloch, And the star of the god Rephan, The figures which ye made to worship them: And I will carry you away beyond Babylon. - **This version:** And you took up the tabernacle of Moloch, And the star of the god Rephan, The figures which you made to bow down to them: And I will carry you away beyond Babylon. - **Note:** Quotes Amos 5:26 (Septuagint); the objects are idols. Rendered 'bow down to'. ### Acts 10:25 - **ASV:** And when it came to pass that Peter entered, Cornelius met him, and fell down at his feet, and worshipped him. - **This version:** And when it happened that Peter entered, Cornelius met him, and fell down at his feet, and bowed down before him. - **Note:** The object is Peter. Rendered 'bowed down before him'. In 10:26 Peter raises him, saying 'I myself also am a man'. ### Hebrews 1:6 - **ASV:** And when he again bringeth in the firstborn into the world he saith, And let all the angels of God worship him. - **This version:** And when he again brings in the firstborn into the world he says, And let all the angels of God bow down before him. - **Note:** Quotes Deut 32:43 (Septuagint) and Ps 97:7. Rendered 'bow down before', as προσκυνέω is rendered toward Yeshua throughout. ### Hebrews 11:21 - **ASV:** By faith Jacob, when he was dying, blessed each of the sons of Joseph; and worshipped, leaning upon the top of his staff. - **This version:** By faith Jacob, when he was dying, blessed each of the sons of Joseph; and bowed down, leaning upon the top of his staff. - **Note:** No object is stated. Rendered 'bowed down'. Gen 47:31: the Hebrew has 'upon the head of the bed', the Septuagint 'upon the top of his staff'. ### Revelation 3:9 - **ASV:** Behold, I give of the synagogue of Satan, of them that say they are Jews, and they are not, but do lie; behold, I will make them to come and worship before thy feet, and to know that I have loved thee. - **This version:** Behold, I give of the synagogue of Satan, of those who say they are Jews, and they are not, but lie; behold, I will make them come and bow down before your feet, and know that I have loved you. - **Note:** The same verb is used of people coming before the assembly in Philadelphia (cf. Isa 60:14). Rendered 'bow down before'. ### Revelation 5:14 - **ASV:** And the four living creatures said, Amen. And the elders fell down and worshipped. - **This version:** And the four living creatures said, Amen. And the elders fell down and bowed down. - **Note:** The verb has no stated object here. Rendered 'bowed down', describing the act. ### Revelation 9:20 - **ASV:** And the rest of mankind, who were not killed with these plagues, repented not of the works of their hands, that they should not worship demons, and the idols of gold, and of silver, and of brass, and of stone, and of wood; which can neither see, nor hear, nor walk: - **This version:** And the rest of mankind, who were not killed with these plagues, did not repent of the works of their hands, that they should not bow down to demons, and the idols of gold, and of silver, and of bronze, and of stone, and of wood; which can neither see, nor hear, nor walk: - **Note:** Idolatry. ### Revelation 13:4 - **ASV:** and they worshipped the dragon, because he gave his authority unto the beast; and they worshipped the beast, saying, Who is like unto the beast? and who is able to war with him? - **This version:** and they bowed down to the dragon, because he gave his authority to the beast; and they bowed down to the beast, saying, Who is like the beast? and who is able to war with him? - **Note:** The objects are the dragon and the beast. Rendered 'bowed down to'. ### Revelation 13:8 - **ASV:** And all that dwell on the earth shall worship him, every one whose name hath not been written from the foundation of the world in the book of life of the Lamb that hath been slain. - **This version:** And all who dwell on the earth shall bow down to him, everyone whose name has not been written from the foundation of the world in the book of life of the Lamb who has been slain. - **Note:** Object the beast. ### Revelation 13:12 - **ASV:** And he exerciseth all the authority of the first beast in his sight. And he maketh the earth and them that dwell therein to worship the first beast, whose death-stroke was healed. - **This version:** And he exercises all the authority of the first beast in his sight. And he makes the earth and those who dwell in it bow down to the first beast, whose death-stroke was healed. - **Note:** Object the beast. ### Revelation 13:15 - **ASV:** And it was given unto him to give breath to it, even to the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak, and cause that as many as should not worship the image of the beast should be killed. - **This version:** And it was given to him to give breath to it, even to the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak, and cause that as many as should not bow down to the image of the beast should be killed. - **Note:** The object is the image of the beast. Rendered 'bow down to'; the Septuagint of Daniel 3 uses the same verb for the king's image. ### Revelation 14:9 - **ASV:** And another angel, a third, followed them, saying with a great voice, If any man worshippeth the beast and his image, and receiveth a mark on his forehead, or upon his hand, - **This version:** And another angel, a third, followed them, saying with a great voice, If any man bows down to the beast and his image, and receives a mark on his forehead, or upon his hand, - **Note:** Idolatry. ### Revelation 14:11 - **ASV:** and the smoke of their torment goeth up for ever and ever; and they have no rest day and night, they that worship the beast and his image, and whoso receiveth the mark of his name. - **This version:** and the smoke of their torment goes up forever and ever; and they have no rest day and night, those who bow down to the beast and his image, and whoever receives the mark of his name. - **Note:** Idolatry. ### Revelation 16:2 - **ASV:** And the first went, and poured out his bowl into the earth; and it became a noisome and grievous sore upon the men that had the mark of the beast, and that worshipped his image. - **This version:** And the first went, and poured out his bowl into the earth; and it became a foul and grievous sore upon the men who had the mark of the beast, and who bowed down to his image. - **Note:** Idolatry. ### Revelation 19:10 - **ASV:** And I fell down before his feet to worship him. And he saith unto me, See thou do it not: I am a fellow-servant with thee and with thy brethren that hold the testimony of Yeshua: worship God: for the testimony of Yeshua is the spirit of prophecy. - **This version:** And I fell down before his feet to pay homage to him. And he says to me, See that you do not do it: I am a fellow-servant with you and with your brothers who hold the testimony of Yeshua: worship God: for the testimony of Yeshua is the spirit of prophecy. - **Note:** Toward the angel, rendered 'pay homage to'; in 'worship God' the object is God, rendered 'worship'. ### Revelation 19:20 - **ASV:** And the beast was taken, and with him the false prophet that wrought the signs in his sight, wherewith he deceived them that had received the mark of the beast and them that worshipped his image: they two were cast alive into the lake of fire that burneth with brimstone: - **This version:** And the beast was taken, and with him the false prophet who performed the signs in his sight, with which he deceived those who had received the mark of the beast and those who bowed down to his image: these two were cast alive into the lake of fire that burns with brimstone: - **Note:** Idolatry. ### Revelation 20:4 - **ASV:** And I saw thrones, and they sat upon them, and judgment was given unto them: and I saw the souls of them that had been beheaded for the testimony of Yeshua, and for the word of God, and such as worshipped not the beast, neither his image, and received not the mark upon their forehead and upon their hand; and they lived, and reigned with Messiah a thousand years. - **This version:** And I saw thrones, and they sat upon them, and judgment was given to them: and I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded for the testimony of Yeshua, and for the word of God, and such as did not bow down to the beast, nor his image, and did not receive the mark upon their forehead and upon their hand; and they lived, and reigned with Messiah a thousand years. - **Note:** Idolatry. ### Revelation 22:8 - **ASV:** And I John am he that heard and saw these things. And when I heard and saw, I fell down to worship before the feet of the angel that showed me these things. - **This version:** And I John am he who heard and saw these things. And when I heard and saw, I fell down to pay homage before the feet of the angel who showed me these things. - **Note:** See Rev 19:10 note. ## שָׁחָה (H7812) Hishtachavah: prostration before kings, elders, angels, and Yehovah alike (Gen 23:7, 33:3; 1 Sam 24:8; 2 Sam 14:4). ASV already varies its rendering; make it consistent and reserve "worshiped" for Yehovah as object. Renderings used: bow · obeisance · prostrat · worship · fall down · stoop ### Exodus 32:8 - **ASV:** they have turned aside quickly out of the way which I commanded them: they have made them a molten calf, and have worshipped it, and have sacrificed unto it, and said, These are thy gods, O Israel, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt. - **This version:** they have turned aside quickly out of the way which I commanded them: they have made for themselves a molten calf, and have bowed down to it, and have sacrificed to it, and said, These are your gods, O Israel, which brought you up out of the land of Egypt. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Exodus 34:14 - **ASV:** (for thou shalt worship no other god: for Yehovah, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God); - **This version:** (for you shall bow down to no other god: for Yehovah, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God); - **Note:** Rendered 'bow down to', the same wording as Exod 20:5. ### Deuteronomy 4:19 - **ASV:** and lest thou lift up thine eyes unto heaven, and when thou seest the sun and the moon and the stars, even all the host of heaven, thou be drawn away and worship them, and serve them, which Yehovah thy God hath allotted unto all the peoples under the whole heaven. - **This version:** and lest you lift up your eyes to heaven, and when you see the sun and the moon and the stars, even all the host of heaven, you be drawn away and bow down to them, and serve them, which Yehovah your God has allotted to all the peoples under the whole heaven. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Deuteronomy 8:19 - **ASV:** And it shall be, if thou shalt forget Yehovah thy God, and walk after other gods, and serve them, and worship them, I testify against you this day that ye shall surely perish. - **This version:** And it shall be, if you shall forget Yehovah your God, and walk after other gods, and serve them, and bow down to them, I testify against you this day that you shall surely perish. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Deuteronomy 11:16 - **ASV:** Take heed to yourselves, lest your heart be deceived, and ye turn aside, and serve other gods, and worship them; - **This version:** Take heed to yourselves, lest your heart be deceived, and you turn aside, and serve other gods, and bow down to them; - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Deuteronomy 17:3 - **ASV:** and hath gone and served other gods, and worshipped them, or the sun, or the moon, or any of the host of heaven, which I have not commanded, - **This version:** and has gone and served other gods, and bowed down to them, or the sun, or the moon, or any of the host of heaven, which I have not commanded, - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Deuteronomy 29:26 - **ASV:** and went and served other gods, and worshipped them, gods that they knew not, and that he had not given unto them: - **This version:** and went and served other gods, and bowed down to them, gods that they did not know, and that he had not given to them: - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Deuteronomy 30:17 - **ASV:** But if thy heart turn away, and thou wilt not hear, but shalt be drawn away, and worship other gods, and serve them; - **This version:** But if your heart turns away, and you will not hear, but shall be drawn away, and bow down to other gods, and serve them; - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Joshua 5:14 - **ASV:** And he said, Nay; but as prince of the host of Yehovah am I now come. And Joshua fell on his face to the earth, and did worship, and said unto him, What saith my lord unto his servant? - **This version:** And he said, No; but as prince of the host of Yehovah I have now come. And Joshua fell on his face to the earth, and bowed down, and said to him, What does my lord say to his servant? - **Note:** Joshua before the prince of Yehovah's host. Rendered 'bowed down'. ### 1 Kings 1:23 - **Text:** And they told the king, saying, Behold, Nathan the prophet. And when he had come in before the king, he bowed himself before the king with his face to the ground. - **Note:** Nathan bows before King David. The Septuagint (3 Kingdoms 1:23) renders this verb with προσκυνέω, the verb rendered 'bow down' in the New Testament. ### 1 Kings 9:6 - **ASV:** But if ye shall turn away from following me, ye or your children, and not keep my commandments and my statutes which I have set before you, but shall go and serve other gods, and worship them; - **This version:** But if you turn away from following me, you or your children, and do not keep my commandments and my statutes which I have set before you, but go and serve other gods, and bow down to them; - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### 1 Kings 9:9 - **ASV:** and they shall answer, Because they forsook Yehovah their God, who brought forth their fathers out of the land of Egypt, and laid hold on other gods, and worshipped them, and served them: therefore hath Yehovah brought all this evil upon them. - **This version:** and they shall answer, Because they forsook Yehovah their God, who brought their fathers out of the land of Egypt, and laid hold on other gods, and bowed down to them, and served them: therefore Yehovah has brought all this evil upon them. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### 1 Kings 11:33 - **ASV:** because that they have forsaken me, and have worshipped Ashtoreth the goddess of the Sidonians, Chemosh the god of Moab, and Milcom the god of the children of Ammon; and they have not walked in my ways, to do that which is right in mine eyes, and to keep my statutes and mine ordinances, as did David his father. - **This version:** because they have forsaken me, and have bowed down to Ashtoreth the goddess of the Sidonians, Chemosh the god of Moab, and Milcom the god of the children of Ammon; and they have not walked in my ways, to do what is right in my eyes, and to keep my statutes and my ordinances, as David his father did. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### 1 Kings 16:31 - **ASV:** And it came to pass, as if it had been a light thing for him to walk in the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, that he took to wife Jezebel the daughter of Ethbaal king of the Sidonians, and went and served Baal, and worshipped him. - **This version:** And it happened, as if it had been a light thing for him to walk in the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, that he took as wife Jezebel the daughter of Ethbaal king of the Sidonians, and went and served Baal, and bowed down to him. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### 1 Kings 22:53 - **ASV:** And he served Baal, and worshipped him, and provoked to anger Yehovah, the God of Israel, according to all that his father had done. - **This version:** And he served Baal, and bowed down to him, and provoked to anger Yehovah, the God of Israel, according to all that his father had done. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### 2 Kings 5:18 - **ASV:** In this thing Yehovah pardon thy servant: when my master goeth into the house of Rimmon to worship there, and he leaneth on my hand, and I bow myself in the house of Rimmon, when I bow myself in the house of Rimmon, Yehovah pardon thy servant in this thing. - **This version:** In this thing may Yehovah pardon your servant: when my master goes into the house of Rimmon to bow down there, and he leans on my hand, and I bow myself in the house of Rimmon, when I bow myself in the house of Rimmon, may Yehovah pardon your servant in this thing. - **Note:** Naaman speaks of bowing in the house of Rimmon. Rendered 'bow down'. ### 2 Kings 17:16 - **ASV:** And they forsook all the commandments of Yehovah their God, and made them molten images, even two calves, and made an Asherah, and worshipped all the host of heaven, and served Baal. - **This version:** And they forsook all the commandments of Yehovah their God, and made for themselves molten images, even two calves, and made an Asherah, and bowed down to all the host of heaven, and served Baal. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### 2 Kings 19:37 - **ASV:** And it came to pass, as he was worshipping in the house of Nisroch his god, that Adrammelech and Sharezer smote him with the sword: and they escaped into the land of Ararat. And Esar-haddon his son reigned in his stead. - **This version:** And it happened, as he was bowing down in the house of Nisroch his god, that Adrammelech and Sharezer struck him down with the sword: and they escaped into the land of Ararat. And Esar-haddon his son reigned in his place. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### 2 Kings 21:3 - **ASV:** For he built again the high places which Hezekiah his father had destroyed; and he reared up altars for Baal, and made an Asherah, as did Ahab king of Israel, and worshipped all the host of heaven, and served them. - **This version:** For he built again the high places which Hezekiah his father had destroyed; and he reared up altars for Baal, and made an Asherah, as did Ahab king of Israel, and bowed down to all the host of heaven, and served them. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### 2 Kings 21:21 - **ASV:** And he walked in all the way that his father walked in, and served the idols that his father served, and worshipped them: - **This version:** And he walked in all the way that his father walked in, and served the idols that his father served, and bowed down to them: - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### 1 Chronicles 29:20 - **ASV:** And David said to all the assembly, Now bless Yehovah your God. And all the assembly blessed Yehovah, the God of their fathers, and bowed down their heads, and worshipped Yehovah, and the king. - **This version:** And David said to all the assembly, Now bless Yehovah your God. And all the assembly blessed Yehovah, the God of their fathers, and bowed down their heads, and prostrated themselves before Yehovah, and the king. - **Note:** One verb, וַיִּשְׁתַּחֲווּ, with two objects: Yehovah and the king. Rendered 'prostrated themselves before', which fits both objects. ### 2 Chronicles 7:19 - **ASV:** But if ye turn away, and forsake my statutes and my commandments which I have set before you, and shall go and serve other gods, and worship them; - **This version:** But if you turn away, and forsake my statutes and my commandments which I have set before you, and shall go and serve other gods, and bow down to them; - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### 2 Chronicles 7:22 - **ASV:** And they shall answer, Because they forsook Yehovah, the God of their fathers, who brought them forth out of the land of Egypt, and laid hold on other gods, and worshipped them, and served them: therefore hath he brought all this evil upon them. - **This version:** And they shall answer, Because they forsook Yehovah, the God of their fathers, who brought them out of the land of Egypt, and laid hold on other gods, and bowed down to them, and served them: therefore he has brought all this evil upon them. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### 2 Chronicles 33:3 - **ASV:** For he built again the high places which Hezekiah his father had broken down; and he reared up altars for the Baalim, and made Asheroth, and worshipped all the host of heaven, and served them. - **This version:** For he built again the high places which Hezekiah his father had broken down; and he reared up altars for the Baalim, and made Asheroth, and bowed down to all the host of heaven, and served them. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Psalms 45:11 - **ASV:** So will the king desire thy beauty; For he is thy lord; and reverence thou him. - **This version:** So the king will desire your beauty; For he is your lord; and bow down to him. - **Note:** The bride before the king. Rendered 'bow down to him'; the ASV's 'reverence' did not show the verb. ### Psalms 81:9 - **ASV:** There shall no strange god be in thee; Neither shalt thou worship any foreign god. - **This version:** There shall be no strange god in you; Nor shall you bow down to any foreign god. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Psalms 106:19 - **ASV:** They made a calf in Horeb, And worshipped a molten image. - **This version:** They made a calf in Horeb, And bowed down to a molten image. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Isaiah 2:8 - **ASV:** Their land also is full of idols; they worship the work of their own hands, that which their own fingers have made. - **This version:** Their land also is full of idols; they bow down to the work of their own hands, that which their own fingers have made. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Isaiah 2:20 - **ASV:** In that day men shall cast away their idols of silver, and their idols of gold, which have been made for them to worship, to the moles and to the bats; - **This version:** In that day men shall cast away their idols of silver, and their idols of gold, which have been made for them to bow down to, to the moles and to the bats; - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Isaiah 37:38 - **ASV:** And it came to pass, as he was worshipping in the house of Nisroch his god, that Adrammelech and Sharezer his sons smote him with the sword; and they escaped into the land of Ararat. And Esar-haddon his son reigned in his stead. - **This version:** And it happened, as he was bowing down in the house of Nisroch his god, that Adrammelech and Sharezer his sons struck him with the sword; and they escaped into the land of Ararat. And Esar-haddon his son reigned in his place. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Isaiah 44:15 - **ASV:** Then shall it be for a man to burn; and he taketh thereof, and warmeth himself; yea, he kindleth it, and baketh bread: yea, he maketh a god, and worshippeth it; he maketh it a graven image, and falleth down thereto. - **This version:** Then it shall be for a man to burn; and he takes some of it, and warms himself; yes, he kindles it, and bakes bread: yes, he makes a god, and bows down to it; he makes it a graven image, and falls down to it. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Isaiah 44:17 - **ASV:** And the residue thereof he maketh a god, even his graven image; he falleth down unto it and worshippeth, and prayeth unto it, and saith, Deliver me; for thou art my god. - **This version:** And the rest of it he makes a god, even his graven image; he falls down to it and bows down, and prays to it, and says, Deliver me; for you are my god. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Isaiah 46:6 - **ASV:** Such as lavish gold out of the bag, and weigh silver in the balance, they hire a goldsmith, and he maketh it a god; they fall down, yea, they worship. - **This version:** Such as lavish gold out of the bag, and weigh silver in the balance, they hire a goldsmith, and he makes it a god; they fall down, yes, they bow down. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Isaiah 49:7 - **ASV:** Thus saith Yehovah, the Redeemer of Israel, and his Holy One, to him whom man despiseth, to him whom the nation abhorreth, to a servant of rulers: Kings shall see and arise; princes, and they shall worship; because of Yehovah that is faithful, even the Holy One of Israel, who hath chosen thee. - **This version:** Thus says Yehovah, the Redeemer of Israel, and his Holy One, to him whom man despises, to him whom the nation abhors, to a servant of rulers: Kings shall see and arise; princes, and they shall bow down; because of Yehovah who is faithful, even the Holy One of Israel, who has chosen you. - **Note:** Princes bow down to the despised servant addressed in the verse. Rendered 'bow down'. ### Isaiah 60:14 - **Text:** And the sons of those who afflicted you shall come bending to you; and all those who despised you shall bow themselves down at the soles of your feet; and they shall call you The city of Yehovah, The Zion of the Holy One of Israel. - **Note:** Source of Rev 3:9 — the same act toward the people of God. ### Jeremiah 1:16 - **ASV:** And I will utter my judgments against them touching all their wickedness, in that they have forsaken me, and have burned incense unto other gods, and worshipped the works of their own hands. - **This version:** And I will utter my judgments against them concerning all their wickedness, in that they have forsaken me, and have burned incense to other gods, and bowed down to the works of their own hands. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Jeremiah 8:2 - **ASV:** and they shall spread them before the sun, and the moon, and all the host of heaven, which they have loved, and which they have served, and after which they have walked, and which they have sought, and which they have worshipped: they shall not be gathered, nor be buried, they shall be for dung upon the face of the earth. - **This version:** and they shall spread them before the sun, and the moon, and all the host of heaven, which they have loved, and which they have served, and after which they have walked, and which they have sought, and to which they have bowed down: they shall not be gathered, nor be buried, they shall be for dung upon the face of the earth. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Jeremiah 13:10 - **ASV:** This evil people, that refuse to hear my words, that walk in the stubbornness of their heart, and are gone after other gods to serve them, and to worship them, shall even be as this girdle, which is profitable for nothing. - **This version:** This evil people, who refuse to hear my words, who walk in the stubbornness of their heart, and have gone after other gods to serve them, and to bow down to them, shall even be as this waistband, which is profitable for nothing. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Jeremiah 16:11 - **ASV:** then shalt thou say unto them, Because your fathers have forsaken me, saith Yehovah, and have walked after other gods, and have served them, and have worshipped them, and have forsaken me, and have not kept my law; - **This version:** then you shall say to them, Because your fathers have forsaken me, says Yehovah, and have walked after other gods, and have served them, and have bowed down to them, and have forsaken me, and have not kept my law; - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Jeremiah 22:9 - **ASV:** Then they shall answer, Because they forsook the covenant of Yehovah their God, and worshipped other gods, and served them. - **This version:** Then they shall answer, Because they forsook the covenant of Yehovah their God, and bowed down to other gods, and served them. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Jeremiah 25:6 - **ASV:** and go not after other gods to serve them, and to worship them, and provoke me not to anger with the work of your hands; and I will do you no hurt. - **This version:** and do not go after other gods to serve them, and to bow down to them, and do not provoke me to anger with the work of your hands; and I will do you no harm. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Ezekiel 8:16 - **ASV:** And he brought me into the inner court of Yehovah’s house; and behold, at the door of the temple of Yehovah, between the porch and the altar, were about five and twenty men, with their backs toward the temple of Yehovah, and their faces toward the east; and they were worshipping the sun toward the east. - **This version:** And he brought me into the inner court of Yehovah’s house; and behold, at the door of the temple of Yehovah, between the porch and the altar, were about twenty-five men, with their backs toward the temple of Yehovah, and their faces toward the east; and they were bowing down to the sun toward the east. - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Micah 5:13 - **ASV:** and I will cut off thy graven images and thy pillars out of the midst of thee; and thou shalt no more worship the work of thy hands; - **This version:** and I will cut off your graven images and your pillars out of the midst of you; and you shall no more bow down to the work of your hands; - **Note:** Non-Yehovah object: 'worship' → 'bow down to' (Decalogue wording, Exod 20:5). ### Zephaniah 1:5 - **ASV:** and them that worship the host of heaven upon the housetops; and them that worship, that swear to Yehovah and swear by Malcam; - **This version:** and those who bow down to the host of heaven upon the housetops; and those who bow down, who swear to Yehovah and swear by Malcam; - **Note:** The second occurrence has no stated object. Rendered 'bow down'. ## manual () Single-verse decisions that are not tied to one Greek or Hebrew word study. Renderings used: ### Deuteronomy 6:4 - **ASV:** Hear, O Israel: Yehovah our God is one Yehovah: - **This version:** Hear, O Israel: Yehovah our God, Yehovah is one: - **Note:** The Hebrew has no verb: 'Yehovah our God Yehovah one'. Rendered with the same wording as Mark 12:29 in this version. The ASV has 'Yehovah our God is one Yehovah'. ### Mark 7:19 - **ASV:** because it goeth not into his heart, but into his belly, and goeth out into the draught? This he said, making all meats clean. - **This version:** because it does not go into his heart, but into his belly, and goes out into the latrine? —cleansing all foods. - **Note:** The ASV supplied 'This he said' (printed in italics in the ASV); it is not in the Greek, which ends καθαρίζων πάντα τὰ βρώματα, 'cleansing all foods'. This version prints only what the Greek has. ### John 8:5 - **ASV:** Now in the law Moses commanded us to stone such: what then sayest thou of her? - **This version:** Now in the Torah Moses commanded us to stone such: what then do you say of her? - **Note:** John 7:53-8:11 is not in the earliest manuscripts (P66, P75, Sinaiticus, Vaticanus) or the SBLGNT, so there was no Greek word to study here; 'Torah' is used for consistency with the rest of John. ## Key passages ## Genesis 1:26 **Hebrew:** וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים נַעֲשֶׂה אָדָם בְּצַלְמֵנוּ כִּדְמוּתֵנוּ **This version:** And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the heavens, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps upon the earth. **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording, in modern English: "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness." **Why:** - **The plurals are in the Hebrew.** נַעֲשֶׂה is a first person plural verb, "let us make." בְּצַלְמֵנוּ and כִּדְמוּתֵנוּ carry the plural suffix "our": "in our image," "after our likeness." The English keeps them plural. - **The same kind of speech elsewhere.** God speaks with "us" also in Gen 3:22 ("the man has become like one of us") and Isa 6:8 ("who will go for us?"). - **The next verse** uses the singular: וַיִּבְרָא, "and he created," and "in his own image" (1:27). The English keeps that singular as well. - **"God," not "gods."** אֱלֹהִים is plural in form, but it takes singular verbs when it names the God of Israel (1:1, בָּרָא, singular; 1:26, וַיֹּאמֶר, singular). The same plural form is used of one person or one god (Moses in Exod 7:1; Chemosh in 1 Kgs 11:33), so it is rendered "God." ## Deuteronomy 6:4 (the Shema) **Hebrew:** שְׁמַ**ע** יִשְׂרָאֵל יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ יְהוָה אֶחָ**ד** **This version:** Hear, O Israel: Yehovah our God, Yehovah is one: **ASV:** Hear, O Israel: Jehovah our God is one Jehovah: **What we did:** We rendered the verse with the same wording as Mark 12:29 in this version: "Yehovah our God, Yehovah is one," where the ASV has "Yehovah our God is one Yehovah." **Why:** - **No verb.** After "Hear, O Israel," the Hebrew is four words: "Yehovah our God Yehovah one." Any English verb is supplied. "Yehovah our God, Yehovah is one" (this version), "Yehovah our God is one Yehovah" (ASV) and "Yehovah is our God, Yehovah alone" (NJPS) all supply it in different places. - **The same confession in Mark.** Yeshua quotes the verse as the first commandment (Mark 12:29): κύριος ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν κύριος εἷς ἐστιν. This version renders both places alike so they read as the same words. - **אֶחָד** is the ordinary numeral "one." It is used of a single thing (Gen 2:21, one rib) and of things joined as one (Gen 2:24, "one flesh"; Num 13:23, one cluster). - **A scribal detail.** Two letters are written large in Torah scrolls: the **ע** of שְׁמַע and the **ד** of אֶחָד. Together they spell **עֵד**, "witness." ## Psalm 110:1 **Hebrew:** לְדָוִד מִזְמוֹר נְאֻם יְהוָה לַאדֹנִי שֵׁב לִימִינִי עַד־אָשִׁית אֹיְבֶיךָ הֲדֹם לְרַגְלֶיךָ **This version:** A Psalm of David. Yehovah says to my lord, Sit at my right hand, Until I make your enemies your footstool. **ASV:** A Psalm of David. Jehovah saith unto my Lord, Sit thou at my right hand, Until I make thine enemies thy footstool. **What we did:** We printed the second word as "my lord," with a lowercase l, where the ASV has "my Lord." **Why:** - **Two different words.** The first is the Name, **יְהוָה**, rendered Yehovah. The second is **אֲדֹנִי**, *adoni*, "my lord," the ordinary word for a superior: a king (1 Sam 24:8), a master (Gen 24:12), a husband (Gen 18:12), an angel (Josh 5:14). - **Adoni is not Adonai.** The form **אֲדֹנָי**, *Adonai*, is used of God. The Masoretic text points this word as *adoni*. The consonants לאדני are the same for both; the vowels were written by the Masoretes in the early medieval period. - **The Septuagint** has τῷ κυρίῳ μου, "to my lord," in agreement with the Masoretic pointing. - **The same wording in the New Testament.** The verse is quoted in Matt 22:44, Mark 12:36, Luke 20:42 and Acts 2:34, and this version prints "my lord" in all of them, so the quotations read the same as the psalm. ## Proverbs 8:22–23 **Hebrew:** יְהוָה קָנָנִי רֵאשִׁית דַּרְכּוֹ קֶדֶם מִפְעָלָיו מֵאָז׃ מֵעוֹלָם נִסַּכְתִּי מֵרֹאשׁ מִקַּדְמֵי־אָרֶץ **This version:** Yehovah possessed me in the beginning of his way, Before his works of old. I was set up from everlasting, from the beginning, Before the earth was. **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording, in modern English: "Yehovah possessed me" and "I was set up." **Why:** - **The speaker** is Wisdom, who speaks in the first person through this chapter (8:1). - **קָנָה** usually means "acquire, get, possess" (Prov 4:5, "get wisdom"; Gen 25:10, the field Abraham "bought"). It can also mean "bring forth" or "make" (Gen 4:1, "I have gotten a man"; Gen 14:19, "possessor [or maker] of heaven and earth"; Deut 32:6). "Possessed" gives its usual sense. - **The Septuagint** reads ἔκτισέν με, "he created me." - **נִסַּכְתִּי** (8:23) is "I was set up, installed," the word used for installing a king (Ps 2:6). It may also be read "I was woven, formed" (Ps 139:13). "Set up" gives the first sense. **Other renderings:** "possessed me" (ASV, ESV); "brought me forth" or "created me" (NIV, NASB); "created me" (Septuagint). ## Isaiah 7:14 **Hebrew:** לָכֵן יִתֵּן אֲדֹנָי הוּא לָכֶם אוֹת הִנֵּה הָעַלְמָה הָרָה וְיֹלֶדֶת בֵּן וְקָרָאת שְׁמוֹ עִמָּנוּ אֵל **This version:** Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign: behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel. **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording, in modern English, including "virgin." **Why:** - **עַלְמָה** means a young woman of marriageable age. It is used of Rebekah before her marriage (Gen 24:43), of Miriam as a girl (Exod 2:8), and of maidens at court (Ps 68:25; Song 6:8). The word does not by itself specify virginity, though an unmarried עַלְמָה would ordinarily be one. - **בְּתוּלָה** is the more specific Hebrew word for "virgin" (Gen 24:16; Deut 22:19). Isaiah does not use it here. - **The Septuagint** rendered עַלְמָה here as **παρθένος**, "virgin," about two centuries before Yeshua. Matthew quotes the verse in that Greek form (Matt 1:23), and this version keeps "virgin" in Isaiah to match. - **עִמָּנוּ אֵל, "Immanuel,"** is "with us is God," a name made of a short sentence, like the names of Isaiah's sons (8:3, 8:18). Matthew gives its meaning as "God with us." **Other renderings:** "a virgin" (ASV, ESV, NASB); "a young woman" (RSV, NRSV). ## Isaiah 9:6 **Hebrew (Masoretic, numbered 9:5 in Hebrew Bibles):** כִּי־יֶלֶד יֻלַּד־לָנוּ בֵּן נִתַּן־לָנוּ וַתְּהִי הַמִּשְׂרָה עַל־שִׁכְמוֹ וַיִּקְרָא שְׁמוֹ פֶּלֶא יוֹעֵץ אֵל גִּבּוֹר אֲבִי־עַד שַׂר־שָׁלוֹם **This version:** For to us a child is born, to us a son is given; and the government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be called A wonder of a counselor is the mighty God, a father of eternity, a ruler of peace. **ASV:** For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given; and the government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace. **What we did:** We rendered the name as the sentence it makes in Hebrew, keeping each word in its own form: "A wonder of a counselor is the mighty God, a father of eternity, a ruler of peace." The ASV divides it into five titles. **Why:** - **One name.** The Hebrew has no punctuation between the words. After "his name shall be called" it gives a single name of six words. - **Sentence names in Isaiah.** Isaiah's own sons carry names that are short sentences: Shear-jashub, "a remnant shall return" (7:3), and Maher-shalal-hash-baz, "swift is the spoil, speedy is the prey" (8:3). This version renders this name as a sentence in the same way. - **The words, in their own forms.** פֶּלֶא *pele* is a noun, "a wonder." יוֹעֵץ *yoetz* is a participle, "one who counsels, a counselor." אֵל גִּבּוֹר *el gibbor* is "mighty God." אֲבִי־עַד *avi-ad* is "a father of eternity." שַׂר־שָׁלוֹם *sar-shalom* is "a ruler (or prince) of peace." None of the words has the article, so none is supplied. - **"Is" is supplied.** Hebrew sentences of this kind have no word for "is"; English needs it. - **The accents.** The Masoretic accents mark pauses after *pele*, after *gibbor* and after *ad*. **Other renderings:** "Wonderful, Counsellor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace" (ASV); "Pele-joez-el-gibbor-Abi-ad-sar-shalom," glossed "Wonderful in counsel is God the Mighty, the everlasting Father, the Ruler of peace" (JPS 1917); "The Mighty God is planning grace; the Eternal Father, a peaceable ruler" (JPS 1985). ## Zechariah 12:10 **Hebrew:** וְהִבִּיטוּ אֵלַי אֵת אֲשֶׁר־דָּקָרוּ וְסָפְדוּ עָלָיו כְּמִסְפֵּד עַל־הַיָּחִיד **This version:** And I will pour upon the house of David, and upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the spirit of grace and of supplication; and they shall look to me whom they have pierced; and they shall mourn for him, as one mourns for his only son, and shall be in bitterness for him, as one who is in bitterness for his firstborn. **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording, in modern English: "they shall look to me whom they have pierced; and they shall mourn for him." **Why:** - **The speaker** is Yehovah (12:1, 12:4), so "I" and "me" in the verse are his. - **אֵלַי, "to me."** This is the reading of the Masoretic text. Some Hebrew manuscripts read **אֵלָיו**, "to him." - **אֵת אֲשֶׁר.** אֵת marks the object and אֲשֶׁר is "whom" or "which." Together they can mean "the one whom" or "concerning the one whom." The ASV's "whom" gives the first. - **The change of person.** The verse moves from "to me" to "they shall mourn for him" (עָלָיו). The English keeps both persons as the Hebrew has them. - **הַיָּחִיד, "only son."** The word is used of Isaac in Gen 22:2. The parallel line has "firstborn." - **The quotation in John.** John 19:37 quotes the verse in the third person: "They shall look on him whom they pierced." Rev 1:7 uses the same words. **Other renderings:** "they shall look unto me whom they have pierced" (ASV); "they will look to me concerning the one they pierced, and mourn for him" (JPS-style). ## Matthew 5:17 **Greek:** Μὴ νομίσητε ὅτι ἦλθον καταλῦσαι τὸν νόμον ἢ τοὺς προφήτας· οὐκ ἦλθον καταλῦσαι ἀλλὰ πληρῶσαι. **This version:** Do not think that I came to destroy the Torah or the prophets: I did not come to destroy, but to fulfill. **ASV:** Think not that I came to destroy the law or the prophets: I came not to destroy, but to fulfil. **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording, in modern English, and printed "Torah" for νόμος. **Why:** - **νόμος.** Here νόμος is the Mosaic law, paired with "the prophets." This version renders νόμος as "Torah" wherever it means the Mosaic law. - **"The Torah or the prophets"** is a name for the Scriptures that Matthew uses again in 7:12 and 22:40. - **καταλῦσαι** is "to tear down, destroy." Matthew uses the same verb for the stones of the Temple being thrown down (24:2) and for the charge that Yeshua would destroy the Temple (26:61). "Destroy" keeps that sense. - **The sentence is built on a contrast:** οὐκ … καταλῦσαι ἀλλὰ πληρῶσαι, "not to destroy, but to fulfill." The two verbs are set against each other. - **πληρῶσαι** is from πληρόω, "to fill, fulfill." Matthew uses the same verb for Scripture coming true (1:22, 2:15, 2:17). "Fulfill" is the English word the ASV uses in those places, so we kept it here. **Other renderings:** "to fulfill" (ASV, KJV, ESV); "to complete"; "to establish" or "to uphold." ## Matthew 5:18 **Greek:** ἀμὴν γὰρ λέγω ὑμῖν, ἕως ἂν παρέλθῃ ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ, ἰῶτα ἓν ἢ μία κεραία οὐ μὴ παρέλθῃ ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου, ἕως ἂν πάντα γένηται. **This version:** For truly I say to you, Until heaven and earth pass away, one jot or one tittle shall by no means pass away from the Torah, until all things are accomplished. **ASV:** For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass away, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass away from the law, till all things be accomplished. **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording, in modern English, and printed "Torah" for νόμος. **Why:** - **νόμος** here is the Mosaic law, as in 5:17, so it is rendered "Torah." - **"Jot and tittle."** The ἰῶτα is the smallest Greek letter, standing for the Hebrew *yod* (י), the smallest letter of the Hebrew alphabet. The κεραία ("horn") is a tiny stroke that tells one Hebrew letter from another, such as ב from כ. Together they name the smallest written detail. The ASV's "jot" and "tittle" are the traditional English words for them. - **οὐ μὴ** with the subjunctive is the strongest form of negation in Greek. "Shall by no means pass away" carries it. - **Two "until" clauses.** The verse has ἕως ἂν twice: "until heaven and earth pass away" and "until all things are accomplished" (πάντα γένηται, "all things come to pass"). We kept both as the Greek has them. - **The same saying** appears in Luke 16:17, which has only the heaven-and-earth clause. ## Matthew 5:19 **Greek:** ὃς ἐὰν οὖν λύσῃ μίαν τῶν ἐντολῶν τούτων τῶν ἐλαχίστων καὶ διδάξῃ οὕτως τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ἐλάχιστος κληθήσεται ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν· ὃς δ’ ἂν ποιήσῃ καὶ διδάξῃ, οὗτος μέγας κληθήσεται ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν. **This version:** Therefore whoever breaks one of these least commandments, and teaches men so, shall be called least in the kingdom of heaven: but whoever does and teaches them, he shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven. **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording, in modern English. **Why:** - **λύσῃ** is from λύω, "loosen, set aside, break." It is the simple form of the verb that appears with a prefix in 5:17 (καταλῦσαι). The ASV's "break" is within its range. - **οὖν, "therefore,"** links this verse to 5:17–18. We kept it in its place. - **"These least commandments."** τῶν ἐλαχίστων is the superlative of "small." The same word is then used for the person: ἐλάχιστος κληθήσεται, "shall be called least." The English keeps the repeated word so the link is visible. - **"Does and teaches."** ποιήσῃ καὶ διδάξῃ are two verbs joined by "and," set against "breaks … and teaches" in the first half. The ASV adds "them" to complete the sense, and we kept it. **Other renderings:** "break" (ASV); "relax" (ESV). ## Matthew 28:19 **Greek:** πορευθέντες οὖν μαθητεύσατε πάντα τὰ ἔθνη, βαπτίζοντες αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος. **This version:** Go therefore, and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit: **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording, in modern English, including the threefold name. **Why:** - **The manuscripts.** Every surviving Greek manuscript of Matthew 28 has the threefold name, and so do all early versions that contain the passage. This version prints it. - **Eusebius.** Eusebius of Caesarea (early 4th century) quotes the verse several times in a shorter form, "make disciples of all nations in my name," and later quotes the longer form. - **"Into the name."** εἰς τὸ ὄνομα is "into the name," as the ASV has it. ὄνομα is singular: "the name," followed by three genitives, "of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit." ## Mark 7:19 **Greek (SBLGNT):** ὅτι οὐκ εἰσπορεύεται αὐτοῦ εἰς τὴν καρδίαν ἀλλ’ εἰς τὴν κοιλίαν, καὶ εἰς τὸν ἀφεδρῶνα ἐκπορεύεται; —καθαρίζων πάντα τὰ βρώματα. **This version:** because it does not go into his heart, but into his belly, and goes out into the latrine? —cleansing all foods. **ASV:** because it goeth not into his heart, but into his belly, and goeth out into the draught? This he said, making all meats clean. **What we did:** We printed only what the Greek has: the ASV's supplied words "This he said" are removed, and the last phrase reads "—cleansing all foods." **Why:** - **"This he said" is not in the Greek.** The ASV supplied the words and printed them in italics to show they were added. This version renders only the words in the text. - **καθαρίζων** is a present participle, "cleansing." The Greek does not say who or what does the cleansing, so the English leaves it unattached as well, set off with a dash. - **The manuscripts differ.** SBLGNT reads καθαρίζ**ω**ν (masculine). The Byzantine text reads καθαρίζ**ο**ν (neuter), which the KJV renders as part of the sentence: "purging all meats." We follow SBLGNT. - **βρώματα** means "foods." The ASV's "meats" is older English for food in general, so "foods" says the same thing in modern English. - **ἀφεδρών** is a latrine. The ASV's "draught" is an older English word for the same thing. **Other renderings:** "This he said, making all meats clean" (ASV); "purging all meats" (KJV). ## John 1:1 **Greek (SBLGNT):** Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λόγος, καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν, καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος. **This version:** In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and what God was, the Word was. **ASV:** In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. **What we did:** We rendered the last clause "what God was, the Word was." **Why:** - **The article.** In the second clause, "God" has the article: πρὸς **τὸν** θεόν, "with the God." In the third clause, θεός has no article. English has no way to show that difference unless the wording changes, and "the Word was God" reads the same as if the article were there. - **The word order.** In the third clause, θεός comes first, before the verb, and ὁ λόγος (with the article) is the subject. A noun without the article placed before the verb like this describes what the subject is like. Grammarians call this a qualitative use (P. B. Harner, *Journal of Biblical Literature* 92, 1973). - **The wording.** "What God was, the Word was" carries the description without adding words that are not in the Greek. It is the rendering of the New English Bible and the Revised English Bible. **Other renderings:** "the Word was God" (ASV, KJV, ESV); "the Word was divine" (Moffatt, Goodspeed); "the Word was a god" (some other versions). ## John 1:14 **Greek:** Καὶ ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο καὶ ἐσκήνωσεν ἐν ἡμῖν, καὶ ἐθεασάμεθα τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ, δόξαν ὡς μονογενοῦς παρὰ πατρός, πλήρης χάριτος καὶ ἀληθείας. **This version:** And the Word became flesh, and dwelt among us (and we beheld his glory, glory as of the only begotten from the Father), full of grace and truth. **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording, in modern English. **Why:** - **"Dwelt."** ἐσκήνωσεν means literally "pitched a tent." It is the verb of σκηνή, "tent, tabernacle," the word for the Mishkan where Yehovah's glory dwelt (Exod 40:34). The same verb occurs in Revelation 7:15, 12:12, 13:6 and 21:3. "Dwelt" is accurate, so the ASV's word is kept; "tabernacled" would also be a fair rendering. - **"Only begotten."** μονογενής is built on γένος, "kind," and means "unique, one of a kind." "Only begotten" is the traditional English and is kept. - **"Full of grace and truth."** The pair matches the Hebrew of Exod 34:6, רַב־חֶסֶד וֶאֱמֶת, "abundant in lovingkindness and truth." - **"Became."** ἐγένετο is the ordinary verb "became, came to be," rendered as the ASV has it. **Other renderings:** "tabernacled among us" for ἐσκήνωσεν; "the one and only" for μονογενής. ## John 1:18 **Greek (SBLGNT):** θεὸν οὐδεὶς ἑώρακεν πώποτε· μονογενὴς θεὸς ὁ ὢν εἰς τὸν κόλπον τοῦ πατρὸς ἐκεῖνος ἐξηγήσατο. **This version:** No man has seen God at any time; the only begotten, being what God is, who is in the bosom of the Father, he has declared him. **ASV:** No man hath seen God at any time; the only begotten Son, who is in the bosom of the Father, he hath declared him. **What we did:** We followed the SBLGNT reading μονογενὴς θεός and rendered it "the only begotten, being what God is," in place of the ASV's "the only begotten Son." **Why:** - **The manuscripts.** μονογενὴς **θεός** is the reading of P66 and P75 (the earliest papyri, c. AD 200), Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus, and is printed by NA28 and SBLGNT. ὁ μονογενὴς **υἱός**, "the only begotten Son," is the reading of Codex Alexandrinus, the Byzantine majority, the Textus Receptus, and Old Latin and Syriac witnesses; the ASV and KJV print it. It matches John's phrase in 3:16, 3:18 and 1 John 4:9. - **The base text.** This version follows the critical Greek text throughout (for example 2 Thess 2:3), so it follows it here. - **The article.** θεός in "μονογενὴς θεός" has no article, as in 1:1c, and is rendered the same way, qualitatively: "what God was, the Word was" there, "being what God is" here. - **"Declared."** ἐξηγήσατο means "explained, made known." The ASV's "declared" is kept. **Other renderings:** "the only begotten Son" (ASV, KJV); "the only begotten God" (NASB); "the unique one, who is God" (NET). ## John 8:58 **Greek:** Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν, πρὶν Ἀβραὰμ γενέσθαι ἐγὼ εἰμί. **This version:** Yeshua said to them, Truly, truly, I say to you, Before Abraham was born, I am. **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording, in modern English: "Before Abraham was born, I am." **Why:** - **The verb.** εἰμί is present tense, first person: "I am." This version prints the present as the Greek has it. - **The phrase elsewhere.** ἐγώ εἰμι is ordinary Greek for "I am" or "I am he." The healed blind man says the same words in the next chapter (9:9, "I am he"). The Septuagint uses ἐγώ εἰμι where Yehovah speaks in Isa 43:10 and 46:4. - **Exod 3:14.** The Hebrew is אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה, "I will be what I will be." The Septuagint there reads ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ὤν, "I am the one who is," and the name given to Moses is ὁ ὤν. **Other renderings:** "Before Abraham was born, I am" (ASV and most versions); "Before Abraham was born, I have been" / "I existed" (Moffatt and some others, taking εἰμί as a present covering past time); "Before Abraham comes to be, I am he" (taking γενέσθαι with a future sense). ## John 10:30 **Greek:** ἐγὼ καὶ ὁ πατὴρ ἕν ἐσμεν. **This version:** I and the Father are one. **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording: "I and the Father are one." **Why:** - **The rendering is exact.** Each Greek word has its English counterpart: ἐγώ "I," καὶ ὁ πατήρ "and the Father," ἐσμεν "are," ἕν "one." - **ἕν is neuter.** It is "one (thing)," not the masculine εἷς, "one (person)." English "one" carries both, so no change in wording is needed. - **The same word elsewhere in John.** The neuter ἕν is used of the disciples in 17:11 ("that they may be one, even as we are") and 17:21–22 ("that they may all be one … even as we are one"). This version renders it "one" in each place. ## John 20:28 **Greek:** ἀπεκρίθη Θωμᾶς καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου. **This version:** Thomas answered and said to him, My Lord and my God. **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording, in modern English ("said to him" for "said unto him"). **Why:** - **The rendering is exact.** Ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου is word for word "the Lord of me and the God of me," which English says as "my Lord and my God." - **The grammar.** Both nouns have the article and are in the nominative. A nominative with the article is used for direct address in the New Testament, and "said to him" (εἶπεν αὐτῷ) names the one Thomas speaks to. English needs no added words to show this. - **"Lord."** κύριος here is not a quotation of the Divine Name from the Tanakh, so the ASV's "Lord" is kept, as elsewhere in such cases. ## Acts 10:15 **Greek:** καὶ φωνὴ πάλιν ἐκ δευτέρου πρὸς αὐτόν· Ἃ ὁ θεὸς ἐκαθάρισεν σὺ μὴ κοίνου. **This version:** And a voice came to him again the second time, What God has cleansed, do not call common. **ASV:** And a voice came unto him again the second time, What God hath cleansed, make not thou common. **What we did:** We rendered the voice's command "do not call common," where the ASV has "make not thou common." **Why:** - **κοίνου** is the present imperative of κοινόω, the verb formed from κοινός, "common." Its object is what God has already cleansed, and the command is about how Peter is to regard it. - **Peter's own wording.** In 10:28 Peter uses the same word with "say": μηδένα κοινὸν ἢ ἀκάθαρτον λέγειν, "that I should not call any man common or unclean." "Call common" matches the phrase Acts itself uses. - **Two words in 10:14.** Peter says he has never eaten anything κοινὸν καὶ ἀκάθαρτον, "common and unclean." κοινός is "common, ordinary"; ἀκάθαρτος is "unclean." The voice in 10:15 uses only the verb from κοινός. The English keeps the two words distinct, "common" and "unclean," here and in 10:28. ## Acts 15:20 **Greek:** ἀλλὰ ἐπιστεῖλαι αὐτοῖς τοῦ ἀπέχεσθαι τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων καὶ τῆς πορνείας καὶ τοῦ πνικτοῦ καὶ τοῦ αἵματος. **This version:** but that we write to them, that they abstain from the pollutions of idols, and from fornication, and from what is strangled, and from blood. **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording, in modern English. **Why:** - **ἀλισγήματα, "pollutions,"** occurs only here in the New Testament. In the letter itself (15:29) and in 21:25 the same item is named εἰδωλόθυτα, "things sacrificed to idols." "Pollutions of idols" renders the word in this verse as it stands. - **πνικτός, "strangled,"** occurs only in this list: here, 15:29 and 21:25. It refers to an animal killed without its blood being drained. - **πορνεία** is rendered "fornication," as the ASV has it. - **The four items** correspond to commands Leviticus 17–18 gives for the stranger (גֵּר) living among Israel as well as for Israel: sacrifices to idols (Lev 17:7–9), sexual immorality (Lev 18), animals not drained of blood (Lev 17:13–15), and blood (Lev 17:10–12). - **Manuscripts.** A few witnesses, notably Codex Bezae, omit "strangled" and add the Golden Rule. The main manuscript tradition, followed here, has all four items. ## Romans 9:5 **Greek:** ὧν οἱ πατέρες, καὶ ἐξ ὧν ὁ χριστὸς τὸ κατὰ σάρκα, ὁ ὢν ἐπὶ πάντων, θεὸς εὐλογητὸς εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας· ἀμήν. **This version:** whose are the fathers, and of whom is Messiah as concerning the flesh. God who is over all be blessed forever. Amen. **ASV:** whose are the fathers, and of whom is Christ as concerning the flesh, who is over all, God blessed for ever. Amen. **What we did:** We put a full stop after "flesh" and printed the last line as a blessing of God: "God who is over all be blessed forever. Amen." **Why:** - **The manuscripts have no punctuation.** The early Greek manuscripts were written without punctuation marks, so where a sentence stops is an editor's choice, not part of the text. - **The words of a blessing.** εὐλογητὸς εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας, "blessed forever," is the wording Paul uses when he blesses God (Rom 1:25, ὅς ἐστιν εὐλογητὸς εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας· ἀμήν; 2 Cor 11:31, ὁ ὢν εὐλογητὸς εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας). With a full stop after "flesh," the line is a blessing of that kind, ending with "Amen" as in Rom 1:25. - **"Be blessed."** The Greek has no verb. English supplies one. With the full stop, "be blessed" makes the line a blessing rather than a statement. **Other renderings:** "God who is over all be blessed for ever" (ASV margin, RSV, NEB, REB); "Christ, who is God over all, blessed forever" (ESV, NIV, NASB); "Christ … who is over all, God blessed for ever" (ASV text). ## Romans 10:4 **Greek:** τέλος γὰρ νόμου Χριστὸς εἰς δικαιοσύνην παντὶ τῷ πιστεύοντι. **This version:** For Messiah is the goal of the Torah to righteousness to everyone believing. **ASV:** For Christ is the end of the law unto righteousness to every one that believeth. **What we did:** We rendered τέλος "goal" where the ASV has "end," and printed "Torah" for νόμος. **Why:** - **τέλος** means "end" in the sense of the point something reaches: the finish of a race, the purpose of a plan, the outcome of a thing. The standard lexicon (BDAG) gives both "termination" and "goal." - **The running words just before.** In 9:30–31 Paul says Gentiles "who did not pursue" righteousness attained it, while Israel, "pursuing (διώκων) the Torah of righteousness, did not arrive (οὐκ ἔφθασεν)" at it, and in 9:32–33 they stumble. These are words for a race, and the τέλος of a race is the finish line runners aim at. "Goal" carries that sense in English. - **νόμος** here is the Mosaic law, so it is rendered "Torah." The verses that follow quote it: Lev 18:5 in 10:5 and Deut 30:12–14 in 10:6–8. - **παντὶ τῷ πιστεύοντι** is a present participle, "to everyone believing," rendered as continuing action. **Other renderings:** "end" (ASV, KJV, ESV); "culmination" or "fulfillment" (other versions). ## Romans 14:5 **Greek:** Ὃς μὲν κρίνει ἡμέραν παρ’ ἡμέραν, ὃς δὲ κρίνει πᾶσαν ἡμέραν· ἕκαστος ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ νοῒ πληροφορείσθω. **This version:** One man esteems one day above another: another esteems every day alike. Let each man be fully assured in his own mind. **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording, in modern English. **Why:** - **κρίνει** is "judges, decides." With ἡμέραν παρ’ ἡμέραν, "a day beside a day," it means to rate one day above another. The ASV's "esteems" gives that sense, and we kept it. - **"Every day alike."** The Greek is shorter: κρίνει πᾶσαν ἡμέραν, "judges every day." The ASV adds "alike" to complete the comparison, and we kept it. - **No days are named.** The verse says ἡμέρα, "day," without naming which days. Neither νόμος (74 times elsewhere in Romans) nor "Sabbath" occurs in chapter 14. The English adds nothing the Greek does not say. - **πληροφορείσθω** is "let him be fully assured," a present imperative. The ASV's "fully assured in his own mind" renders it exactly. ## 1 Corinthians 8:6 **Greek:** ἀλλ’ ἡμῖν εἷς θεὸς ὁ πατήρ, ἐξ οὗ τὰ πάντα καὶ ἡμεῖς εἰς αὐτόν, καὶ εἷς κύριος Ἰησοῦς Χριστός, δι’ οὗ τὰ πάντα καὶ ἡμεῖς δι’ αὐτοῦ. **This version:** yet to us there is one God, the Father, of whom are all things, and we to him; and one Lord, Yeshua Messiah, through whom are all things, and we through him. **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording, in modern English. **Why:** - **No verbs.** The Greek has no verb in the whole verse. "There is" and "are" are supplied in English, as in the ASV, and the rest follows the Greek word for word. - **Two parallel lines.** εἷς θεὸς ὁ πατήρ, "one God, the Father," and εἷς κύριος Ἰησοῦς Χριστός, "one Lord, Yeshua Messiah." In each, the name after the title stands beside it in the same case, so the English sets it off with a comma. - **The prepositions.** All things are ἐξ, "of" (out of), the Father, and we are εἰς, "to," him. All things are διά, "through," the Lord, and we are διά, "through," him. The English keeps the different words. - **The setting.** The verse follows the "many gods and many lords" of 8:5, using the same two words, θεός and κύριος. - **The words of the Shema.** The Greek of Deut 6:4 (LXX) uses the same words: κύριος ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν κύριος εἷς. ## Galatians 3:13 **Greek:** Χριστὸς ἡμᾶς ἐξηγόρασεν ἐκ τῆς κατάρας τοῦ νόμου γενόμενος ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν κατάρα, ὅτι γέγραπται· Ἐπικατάρατος πᾶς ὁ κρεμάμενος ἐπὶ ξύλου. **This version:** Messiah redeemed us from the curse of the Torah, having become a curse for us; for it is written, Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree: **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording, in modern English, with "Torah" for νόμος and "Messiah" for "Christ." **Why:** - **νόμος = "Torah."** Here νόμος means the Mosaic law, and this version renders it "Torah" wherever it has that meaning. - **"The curse of the Torah."** Paul has just quoted the curse in 3:10, from Deut 27:26: "Cursed is everyone who does not continue in all things written in the book of the Torah, to do them." The phrase in 3:13 refers back to that quotation. - **ἐξηγόρασεν ἐκ, "redeemed from."** The verb means to buy out; with ἐκ, to buy out of something. Its object is τῆς κατάρας, "the curse." - **The quotation** is from Deut 21:23, about one hanged on a tree. ASV "every one that hangeth" becomes "everyone who hangs." ## Galatians 3:24–25 **Greek:** ὥστε ὁ νόμος παιδαγωγὸς ἡμῶν γέγονεν εἰς Χριστόν, ἵνα ἐκ πίστεως δικαιωθῶμεν· ἐλθούσης δὲ τῆς πίστεως οὐκέτι ὑπὸ παιδαγωγόν ἐσμεν. **This version:** So that the Torah has become our guardian to bring us to Messiah, that we might be justified by faith. But now that faith has come, we are no longer under a guardian. **What we did:** We rendered παιδαγωγός "guardian" where the ASV has "tutor," and kept the rest of the ASV's wording in modern English, with "Torah" for νόμος and "Messiah" for "Christ." **Why:** - **νόμος = "Torah."** Here νόμος means the Mosaic law, and this version renders it "Torah" wherever it has that meaning. - **παιδαγωγός** was a household slave who had charge of a child: he took the child to school and back, kept watch over him, and disciplined him. The same word appears in both verses and in 1 Cor 4:15; this version renders it "guardian" in all three. The ASV has "tutor." - **The verse before** uses a related image: "before faith came, we were kept in custody (ἐφρουρούμεθα) under Torah" (3:23). A guardian over a child not yet of age appears again in 4:1–2. - **εἰς Χριστόν** can mean "until Messiah" (time) or "to Messiah" (purpose); the preposition allows either. The ASV's "to bring us to" is kept. - **γέγονεν** is perfect tense, "has become"; ASV "is become" is older English for the same. **Other renderings:** "schoolmaster" (KJV); "guardian" (ESV). ## Ephesians 2:15 **Greek (SBLGNT):** τὸν νόμον τῶν ἐντολῶν ἐν δόγμασιν καταργήσας, ἵνα τοὺς δύο κτίσῃ ἐν αὑτῷ εἰς ἕνα καινὸν ἄνθρωπον ποιῶν εἰρήνην. **This version:** having made of none effect in his flesh the enmity — the Torah of commandments contained in decrees — that he might create in himself of the two one new man, so making peace; **ASV:** having abolished in his flesh the enmity, even the law of commandments contained in ordinances; that he might create in himself of the two one new man, so making peace; **What we did:** We rendered καταργήσας "made of none effect" (ASV "abolished"), set "the Torah of commandments contained in decrees" between dashes, and used "decrees" for "ordinances." **Why:** - **The same verb as Rom 3:31.** Paul uses καταργέω in Rom 3:31: "Do we then make the Torah of none effect through faith?" We give the verb the same English in both places. - **The dashes.** "The Torah of commandments" stands in apposition to "the enmity." The dashes show that it is a second phrase set beside the first, which is how the Greek places it, without adding a word such as "even." - **ἐν δόγμασιν, "in decrees."** δόγμα is a decree or ordinance. The same word appears in Col 2:14. - **νόμος = "Torah."** Here νόμος means the Mosaic law, and this version renders it "Torah" wherever it has that meaning. - **Verse division.** The SBLGNT and NA28 place "the enmity, in his flesh" at the end of 2:14, so their 2:15 begins with τὸν νόμον. We keep the ASV's verse division. ## Philippians 2:6–7 **Greek:** ὃς ἐν μορφῇ θεοῦ ὑπάρχων οὐχ ἁρπαγμὸν ἡγήσατο τὸ εἶναι ἴσα θεῷ, ἀλλὰ ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν μορφὴν δούλου λαβών, ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων γενόμενος. **This version:** who, existing in the form of God, did not count being on an equality with God a thing to be grasped, but emptied himself, taking the form of a servant, being made in the likeness of men; **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording, in modern English ("did not count being" for "counted not the being"). **Why:** - **μορφή, "form,"** is the visible shape or outward appearance of a thing. In the Greek Old Testament, Nebuchadnezzar's face changed its μορφή (Dan 3:19 LXX), and Job saw a figure but not its μορφή (Job 4:16 LXX). The same word appears again in 2:7, "the form of a servant," so we render it "form" in both places. - **ὑπάρχων, "existing,"** is a present participle; the ASV's "existing" keeps it. - **ἁρπαγμός** is a rare word. It can mean something seized or grasped at, or something held onto or taken advantage of (R. W. Hoover, 1971, argued for "something to take advantage of"). We kept the ASV's "a thing to be grasped." - **ἴσα θεῷ** is "equal to God": ἴσα is neuter plural, "on a level with." The ASV's "on an equality with God" keeps that. ## Colossians 1:15 **Greek:** ὅς ἐστιν εἰκὼν τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ἀοράτου, πρωτότοκος πάσης κτίσεως. **This version:** who is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of all creation; **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording. **Why:** - **εἰκών, "image."** The same idea of "image" is used of humanity made "in the image" of God (Gen 1:26–27), and Paul uses εἰκών of the man as "the image and glory of God" (1 Cor 11:7). - **ἀόρατος, "invisible, unseen."** The same word describes God in 1 Tim 1:17; compare John 1:18, "no one has seen God at any time." - **πρωτότοκος, "firstborn."** In the Tanakh the word carries rank as well as birth order. "I will make him firstborn, higher than the kings of the earth" (Ps 89:27) is said of David, who was the youngest son. Israel is Yehovah's "firstborn" (Exod 4:22). Ephraim is called "firstborn" though Manasseh was older (Jer 31:9). "Firstborn" keeps both senses open, as the Greek does. - **The same title three verses later.** Colossians 1:18 uses the word again in "the firstborn from the dead." - **πάσης κτίσεως** is a genitive, "of all creation," and the ASV renders it that way. We kept it rather than supplying a preposition such as "over." ## Colossians 1:16 **Greek:** ὅτι ἐν αὐτῷ ἐκτίσθη τὰ πάντα ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, τὰ ὁρατὰ καὶ τὰ ἀόρατα, εἴτε θρόνοι εἴτε κυριότητες εἴτε ἀρχαὶ εἴτε ἐξουσίαι· τὰ πάντα δι’ αὐτοῦ καὶ εἰς αὐτὸν ἔκτισται. **This version:** for in him all things were created, in the heavens and on the earth, things visible and things invisible, whether thrones or dominions or principalities or powers; all things have been created through him, and to him; **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording, in modern English ("to him" for "unto him"). **Why:** - **Three prepositions, each rendered by its own English word.** - **ἐν αὐτῷ, "in him."** The ASV has "in him"; the KJV has "by him." We kept "in," the usual sense of ἐν. - **δι’ αὐτοῦ, "through him."** Paul uses the same preposition in 1 Cor 8:6, where the Father is the one "of whom (ἐξ οὗ) are all things" and the Lord Yeshua the one "through whom (δι’ οὗ) are all things." - **εἰς αὐτόν, "to him"** (ASV "unto him"): direction or goal. - **The verbs are passive.** ἐκτίσθη, "were created," and ἔκτισται, "have been created" (perfect). The English keeps both the passive and the change of tense. - **The list.** θρόνοι, κυριότητες, ἀρχαί, ἐξουσίαι are words for ranks of rule: "thrones, dominions, principalities, powers." We kept the ASV's terms. ## Colossians 2:14 **Greek:** ἐξαλείψας τὸ καθ’ ἡμῶν χειρόγραφον τοῖς δόγμασιν ὃ ἦν ὑπεναντίον ἡμῖν, καὶ αὐτὸ ἦρκεν ἐκ τοῦ μέσου προσηλώσας αὐτὸ τῷ σταυρῷ. **This version:** having blotted out the bond written in decrees that was against us, which was contrary to us: and he has taken it out of the way, nailing it to the cross; **What we did:** We rendered τοῖς δόγμασιν "in decrees" where the ASV has "in ordinances," and kept the rest of the ASV's wording in modern English. **Why:** - **χειρόγραφον** means "a handwritten document." In everyday Greek of the period it was used for a signed certificate of debt, written in the debtor's own hand. The ASV's "bond" carries that sense, so we kept it. - **τοῖς δόγμασιν** is a dative without a preposition and is grammatically awkward. It can mean the bond "consisting of" decrees, "based on" decrees, or "with" its decrees. "Written in decrees" keeps the bare dative without choosing among these. We render δόγμα "decrees" here and in Eph 2:15; the ASV has "ordinances." - **The same word elsewhere.** δόγμασιν also appears in Eph 2:15, "the Torah of commandments contained in decrees." ## Colossians 2:16–17 **Greek:** Μὴ οὖν τις ὑμᾶς κρινέτω ἐν βρώσει ἢ ἐν πόσει ἢ ἐν μέρει ἑορτῆς ἢ νουμηνίας ἢ σαββάτων, ἅ ἐστιν σκιὰ τῶν μελλόντων, τὸ δὲ σῶμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ. **This version:** Therefore let no man judge you in food, or in drink, or in regard to a feast day or a new moon or a sabbath day: which are a shadow of the things to come; but the body is Messiah’s. **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording, in modern English ("food" for "meat," "in regard to" for "in respect of"), with "Messiah's" for "Christ's." **Why:** - **βρῶσις and πόσις** are the acts of eating and drinking, or food and drink. "Meat" in the ASV meant food in general; "food" says the same thing in modern English. - **"Feast, new moon, sabbath."** The same three appear together as a list of the appointed times in the Tanakh (1 Chr 23:31, 2 Chr 2:4, Ezek 45:17, Hos 2:11). - **ἅ ἐστιν, "which are."** The verb is present tense, and the ASV's "are" keeps it. - **τὸ δὲ σῶμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ** reads word for word "but the body of the Messiah." The Greek has no verb here. The ASV supplies "is" and renders the genitive as "Messiah's" ("the body is Messiah's"). We kept that, since English needs a verb in the clause. ## Titus 2:13 **Greek:** προσδεχόμενοι τὴν μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης τοῦ μεγάλου θεοῦ καὶ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ. **This version:** looking for the blessed hope and appearing of the glory of the great God and our Savior Yeshua Messiah; **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording, in modern English: "the great God and our Savior Yeshua Messiah." **Why:** - **Word order.** The English follows the Greek order word for word: τοῦ μεγάλου θεοῦ ("of the great God") καὶ ("and") σωτῆρος ἡμῶν ("Savior of us," that is, "our Savior") Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ. - **One article.** The Greek has a single article, τοῦ, before "great God," and none before "Savior." The English also has a single "the," and adds none before "Savior." Two singular nouns joined by καί under one article in this way is the construction described by Granville Sharp's rule, under which the two nouns usually refer to one person. - **"Savior" in Titus.** σωτήρ is used in this letter both of God (1:3, 2:10, 3:4) and of Yeshua (1:4, 3:6). - **"Of the glory."** The thing that appears is τῆς δόξης, "the glory," and "of the great God" depends on it. The English keeps that chain: "appearing of the glory of the great God." **Other renderings:** "the great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ" (ASV text); "our great God and Saviour Jesus Christ" (ASV margin); "our great God and Savior Jesus Christ" (ESV, NIV, NASB). ## Hebrews 1:8–9 **Greek:** πρὸς δὲ τὸν υἱόν· Ὁ θρόνος σου ὁ θεὸς εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα τοῦ αἰῶνος … διὰ τοῦτο ἔχρισέν σε ὁ θεός, ὁ θεός σου, ἔλαιον ἀγαλλιάσεως παρὰ τοὺς μετόχους σου. **This version:** but of the Son he says, Your throne, O God, is forever and ever; And the scepter of uprightness is the scepter of your kingdom. You have loved righteousness, and hated lawlessness; Therefore God, your God, has anointed you With the oil of gladness above your fellows. **ASV:** Thou hast loved righteousness, and hated iniquity; Therefore God, thy God, hath anointed thee With the oil of gladness above thy fellows. (1:9) **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording, in modern English, including "Your throne, O God." In 1:9 we changed "iniquity" to "lawlessness." **Why:** - **The quotation.** The words come from Psalm 45:6–7, which is spoken to the king (45:1, "touching the king"). The Hebrew כִּסְאֲךָ אֱלֹהִים is "your throne, O God," with אֱלֹהִים in the place of address. - **The grammar.** ὁ θεός in 1:8 is nominative. Greek often uses the nominative with the article for direct address, in place of the vocative, so "O God" renders it as address, matching the Hebrew of the psalm. - **"God, your God."** In 1:9 ὁ θεός, ὁ θεός σου is the subject of ἔχρισεν, "anointed." The ASV's "God, thy God" follows the Greek word for word. - **"Lawlessness."** ἀνομία is the noun from ἄνομος, "without law." This version renders it "lawlessness" wherever it occurs, as in 1 John 3:4 ("sin is lawlessness"). **Other renderings:** "Your throne, O God, is for ever and ever" (ASV text); "God is your throne for ever and ever" (ASV margin, RSV margin, Westcott). ## Hebrews 8:13 **Greek:** ἐν τῷ λέγειν Καινὴν πεπαλαίωκεν τὴν πρώτην, τὸ δὲ παλαιούμενον καὶ γηράσκον ἐγγὺς ἀφανισμοῦ. **This version:** In that he says, A new covenant, he has made the first old. But that which is becoming old and growing aged is near to vanishing away. **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording, in modern English ("says," "has," "growing," "near to"). **Why:** - **"The first."** τὴν πρώτην is feminine, agreeing with διαθήκη, "covenant," from the quotation just before (8:8–12, from Jer 31:31–34). The ASV's "the first" leaves the noun understood, as the Greek does. - **πεπαλαίωκεν** is perfect tense, "he has made old." - **Present participles.** παλαιούμενον καὶ γηράσκον, "becoming old and growing aged," describe something in progress. The ASV keeps this with "is becoming … waxeth," and we kept it with "is becoming … growing." - **ἐγγὺς ἀφανισμοῦ** has no verb in the Greek; "is near to vanishing away" supplies the "is," as the ASV does. ## 2 Peter 1:1 **Greek:** … ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ τοῦ θεοῦ ἡμῶν καὶ σωτῆρος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ. **This version:** Simon Peter, a servant and apostle of Yeshua Messiah, to those who have obtained a like precious faith with us in the righteousness of our God and the Savior Yeshua Messiah: **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording, in modern English, including its "the" before "Savior": "our God and the Savior Yeshua Messiah." **Why:** - **The Greek.** τοῦ θεοῦ ἡμῶν καὶ σωτῆρος is "of the God of us and Savior": one article (τοῦ) before "God," and none before "Savior." - **The supplied word.** The second "the" is supplied in English, as the ASV supplied it. It has no separate word behind it in the Greek. Without it, the phrase reads "our God and Savior Yeshua Messiah." - **The next verse** names the two with different wording: ἐν ἐπιγνώσει τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν, "in the knowledge of God and of Yeshua our Lord" (1:2). - **The same construction with "Lord."** The letter uses the same pattern, one article over two nouns joined by καί, in "our Lord and Savior Yeshua Messiah" (1:11; 2:20; 3:18). It is the same construction as Titus 2:13. ## 1 John 5:7–8 **This version:** And it is the Spirit that bears witness, because the Spirit is the truth. For there are three who bear witness, the Spirit, and the water, and the blood: and the three agree in one. **What we did:** We kept the ASV's wording, in modern English. Like the ASV, this version does not print the words known as the *Comma Johanneum*. **Why:** - **The words in question.** The KJV reads in 5:7–8: "For there are three that bear record **in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one. And there are three that bear witness in earth**, the spirit, and the water, and the blood." The words in bold are the Comma. - **The manuscripts.** The words are not in any Greek manuscript before the 14th century. They appear first in Latin writings around the 4th–5th centuries, entered the Latin Vulgate tradition, and reached a handful of very late Greek manuscripts, some written after the printed Greek New Testament had begun to circulate. No early church father cites them. - **The printed editions.** Erasmus omitted the words from his first two printed Greek New Testaments (1516, 1519) and added them in 1522. The Textus Receptus and the KJV follow that later edition. The ASV and every modern critical edition leave them out, and this version follows them. - **Verse numbers.** Because the ASV leaves out the Comma, its verse division here differs from the KJV's. ASV 5:7 is "And it is the Spirit that bears witness…," and 5:8 is "For there are three who bear witness: the Spirit, and the water, and the blood." This version keeps the ASV's numbering. ## Believing: ongoing and completed Present participles (51): Matthew 18:6, Matthew 21:22, Mark 9:23, Mark 9:42, John 1:12, John 3:15, John 3:16, John 3:18, John 3:36, John 5:24, John 6:35, John 6:40, John 6:47, John 6:64, John 7:38, John 11:25, John 11:26, John 12:44, John 12:46, John 14:12, John 17:20, John 20:31, Acts 2:44, Acts 5:14, Acts 9:26, Acts 10:43, Acts 13:39, Acts 22:19, Acts 24:14, Romans 1:16, Romans 3:22, Romans 4:5, Romans 4:11, Romans 4:24, Romans 9:33, Romans 10:4, Romans 10:11, 1 Corinthians 1:21, 1 Corinthians 14:22, Galatians 3:22, Ephesians 1:19, 1 Thessalonians 1:7, 1 Thessalonians 2:10, 1 Thessalonians 2:13, 1 Peter 1:8, 1 Peter 2:6, 1 Peter 2:7, 1 John 5:1, 1 John 5:5, 1 John 5:10, 1 John 5:13 Aorist participles (15): Mark 16:16, Mark 16:17, Luke 1:45, Luke 8:12, John 7:39, John 20:29, Acts 4:32, Acts 11:17, Acts 11:21, Acts 19:2, Ephesians 1:13, 2 Thessalonians 1:10, 2 Thessalonians 2:12, Hebrews 4:3, Jude 1:5 ## Other wording decisions ### 1 Timothy 1:10 - **Text:** for fornicators, for men who lie with males, for kidnappers, for liars, for perjurers, and if there is any other thing contrary to the sound doctrine; - **Note:** Greek arsenokoitai, first attested in Paul. Rendered from its parts (arsēn 'male' + koitē 'bed') and its likely source, LXX Lev 20:13 (meta arsenos koitēn). Avoids the modern category 'homosexuality'. Later uses: Hippolytus Ref. 5.26 and Bardaisan (in Eusebius, Praep. Ev. 6.10.25) clearly of male-male sex; Sibylline Oracles 2.73 and Aristides only list it. ### 1 Corinthians 6:9 - **Text:** Or do you not know that the unrighteous shall not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived: neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor effeminate, nor men who lie with males, - **Note:** Same word as 1 Tim 1:10 (arsenokoitai), rendered the same way. 'Effeminate' renders malakoi ('soft'), kept from the ASV. ### Leviticus 17:7 - **Text:** And they shall no more sacrifice their sacrifices to the goat idols, after which they play the prostitute. This shall be a statute forever to them throughout their generations. - **Note:** Hebrew se'irim, 'male goats, hairy ones'. Here they receive sacrifices and Israel 'plays the prostitute' after them, so they are objects of worship. LXX: mataiois, 'vain things'. Rendered 'goat idols' (as NIV); ESV has 'goat demons'. ### 2 Chronicles 11:15 - **Text:** and he appointed for himself priests for the high places, and for the goat idols, and for the calves which he had made. - **Note:** Same Hebrew se'irim as Lev 17:7, listed with Jeroboam's calves; rendered 'goat idols' for consistency. ### Ezekiel 13:18 - **Text:** and say, Thus says the Lord Yehovah: Woe to the women who sew bands on all wrists, and make veils for the head of persons of every stature to hunt souls! Will you hunt the souls of my people, and keep souls alive for yourselves? - **Note:** Hebrew kesatot and mispachot occur only in this passage. LXX: proskephalaia 'cushions' and epibolaia 'coverings' (hence ASV 'pillows/kerchiefs'). Akkadian kasû 'to bind' is used in incantations; the context (hunting souls, payment in barley) indicates divination. Rendered 'bands' and 'veils'; the word 'magic' is not in the Hebrew. ### Ezekiel 13:20 - **Text:** Therefore thus says the Lord Yehovah: Behold, I am against your bands, with which you hunt the souls there to make them fly, and I will tear them from your arms; and I will let the souls go, even the souls that you hunt to make them fly. - **Note:** See Ezek 13:18. ### Psalms 110:1 - **Text:** A Psalm of David. Yehovah says to my lord, Sit at my right hand, Until I make your enemies your footstool. - **Note:** Hebrew la'adoni, 'to my lord' (adoni, used of human superiors), not Adonai. Lowercase 'lord', matching the four New Testament quotations (Matt 22:44; Mark 12:36; Luke 20:42; Acts 2:34). ### Colossians 2:14 - **Text:** having blotted out the bond written in decrees that was against us, which was contrary to us: and he has taken it out of the way, nailing it to the cross; - **Note:** Greek τοῖς δόγμασιν, 'in decrees'. Rendered 'decrees', the same word as δόγμασιν in Eph 2:15. The ASV has 'ordinances'. ### Galatians 3:24 - **Text:** So that the Torah has become our guardian to bring us to Messiah, that we might be justified by faith. - **Note:** Greek παιδαγωγός: the household slave who had charge of a child, took him to school and back, and kept watch over him. Rendered 'guardian' here, in 3:25, and in 1 Cor 4:15 (the same word). The ASV has 'tutor'. ### Isaiah 9:6 - **Text:** For to us a child is born, to us a son is given; and the government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be called A wonder of a counselor is the mighty God, a father of eternity, a ruler of peace. - **Note:** Hebrew (9:5 in Hebrew Bibles) פֶּלֶא יוֹעֵץ אֵל גִּבּוֹר אֲבִי־עַד שַׂר־שָׁלוֹם is one name with no punctuation. Rendered as the sentence the name makes, keeping each word in its own form: pele 'a wonder' (noun), yoetz 'counselor' (participle), el gibbor 'mighty God', avi-ad 'a father of eternity', sar-shalom 'a ruler of peace'. 'Is' is supplied, as Hebrew leaves it unstated. The ASV has 'Wonderful, Counsellor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace'.